U.S. global espionage activities due to the aching head Alman'y 20 thousand encrypted decided to take the phone. Phone 2 euros apiece
Germany against the government's technical listening prepared to purchase 20 thousand encrypted phone were reported.
American intelligence German Chancellor Angela Merkel's cell phone and listen to many politicians last year after it was revealed that the intelligence measures that increase government in Germany, now uses a new generation of secure phones will be saved.
According to German media reports, the federal government and the 16 state governments, for officials working in sensitive positions with speech data communications to provide secure encrypted phones to buy 20 thousand are preparing.
It will cost about 2 euros each new generation of encrypted phones in Germany Information Technology Security (BSI) were recorded by the study and found to be safe.
Speaking to the newspaper Bild a BSE official, the next generation of cryptographic encryption system used in the phone is highly reliable, it can not be hacked by supercomputers noted.
Germany's domestic intelligence service, the Constitutional Protection Organization (BFV) President Hans-Georg Maassen, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung in an interview, foreign intelligence services, technical listening activity against more serious measures, and should be careful, he said. Maassen, "I recommend greater use of encryption phone. Communication also need discipline. Many things without actually using the phone, face-to-face interviews can be discussed, should be discussed," he said.
Germany is still in the prime minister and the ministry about three thousand officials working in sensitive positions, encrypted using the private Blackberry phones.
Interior Ministry spokesman Dr. Tobias Plata plans to use the encrypted phones are more common when verifying the purchase by the government declined to comment on the planned model.
28 Temmuz 2014 Pazartesi
27 Temmuz 2014 Pazar
Anti-coup 98 People in Egypt Have Been Evacuated
After the coup in Egypt, there was a very difficult time. Still struggling for democracy and the Egyptian people are drifting towards extinction there in the middle east. They also executed.But work of the judiciary and the public with the response they got rid of.
Students in Egypt, the sick and elderly, provided compulsory residence consisting of 98 anti-coup was evacuated.
Egypt prosecutor's office detained 98 anti-coup has reportedly decided to parole.
Egypt Prosecutor Hisham Barakat's office a written statement by the different cases under the public property damage, unauthorized demonstrations, violence and weapons possession charges arrested 98 anti-coup compulsory residence provided to evacuate decided.
In a statement the decision to evacuate people from the 45's that other students at the advanced age of 53 or individuals with health problems was noted.
Meanwhile, Cairo Criminal Court, hearing the case, the trial of 68 people 5 people due to attend the hearing adjourned to September 9.
Students in Egypt, the sick and elderly, provided compulsory residence consisting of 98 anti-coup was evacuated.
Egypt prosecutor's office detained 98 anti-coup has reportedly decided to parole.
Egypt Prosecutor Hisham Barakat's office a written statement by the different cases under the public property damage, unauthorized demonstrations, violence and weapons possession charges arrested 98 anti-coup compulsory residence provided to evacuate decided.
In a statement the decision to evacuate people from the 45's that other students at the advanced age of 53 or individuals with health problems was noted.
Meanwhile, Cairo Criminal Court, hearing the case, the trial of 68 people 5 people due to attend the hearing adjourned to September 9.
Greek Deputy Prime Minister Pangalos Leave Politics
ATHENS - Greek politics Greek Deputy Prime Minister Theodoros Pangalos colorful personalities has announced he will leave politics. Pangalos, the Greek state television NET participate in a program, which is expected to be made in the country recently said there would be a parliamentary candidate in early elections. In the country today that put the plight of today's politicians, but stated that the extraction of new Pangalos, "That's why I will not choose me the opportunity for the public and will retire from politics," he said.
Pangalos, now 74 years of age is coming, and 32 years in Parliament he served, stating that "in Greek politics drastic changes are needed. These, people-politicians-level personal relationships in one place must end. Folk habit of us can vote. This is why this relationship at what point will end politicians should decide, "he said. In Greece, the country for eight months in 1926 governing dictatorship of General Theodoros Pangalos D. Pangalos grandson, 32-year life of parliamentarian Ministry of Commerce, Ministry of Transport, Ministry of Culture and Ministry of Foreign Affairs worked.
In Greek politics known for his colorful personality and sharp tongue Pangalos, when the economic crisis broke "coins ate together" with the statement drew a large response. Then additional taxes imposed on immovable property "does not have the money you pay for" Pangalos stating that, "I do not pay, let them come and arrest me as saying," was discussed for a long time.
Impacts on Africa of European Colonialism
African continent for centuries has been an area of exploitation of European states. This exploitation only been limited to underground and above ground resources in the field of socio-cultural continent, people have been exposed to exploitation. Of centuries of colonialism on the African continent, even to this day traces of your activities are outstanding.
AHMET ASAN
Karadeniz Technical University, History
European states for centuries has been found in colonial activities and through these activities have achieved great financial gain. As a result of these activities; on one side, richer, and more power their culture and religion is a colony founded thanks to the local community that instills in Europe, on the other hand strong European states eye decision because of avarice poverty, cultural assimilation and slavery in danger of extinction peoples living has emerged.
Exploited for centuries, societies have lost a large part of the natural resources of their own culture as well as to come to the breaking point has experienced the danger of assimilation. Present at the remaining centuries they carry out colonial activities in the field of European states we look at the local culture rather than "European culture" is effective. Today we look at the continent of Africa in the Americas and spoken language and religious beliefs in a tangible way we see it.
Exploited African peoples, rebelled and gained their independence in the face of this situation has lasted a very long until it comes to the middle of the 21st century of European states has continued its effects on Africa. For a long time these societies living under the pressure of European colonial powers had entered a bloody struggle, although late, gained their independence and were able to put a stop to the activities of European colonies.
In this study; Colonial activities, sources with knowledge of the subject in the light, will be examined in two parts, the first part; Colonialism in the birth process, the development stage and will be given information about the colonial state. In the second part; The colonial carrying out the activities of these states, colonial Africa of the activities that have been created on the social, cultural and economic impacts will be discussed.
1 Colonialism
1.1. Colonialism and the Emergence of Development Process
Colonialism, occupation of a foreign land, that land processing and settlement of immigrants there is a term used to refer to. Historiography of Western colonialism started with geographic discoveries of the period. Published in 1991 in his book The History of colonial France with Geographical Discoveries and Explorers of colonial adventures begin with are indicated.
Towards the end of the 15th century was discovered many new places in the world. This discovery together with the world's Europe, Africa and Asia from the western region of the northern region was found to be composed. Portuguese and Spaniards of these discoveries pioneers and explore the area they live in the people put to the sword, and they have precious metals, agricultural products into their countries have transferred, but also the slave trade also brought a new dimension have.
Aware of the existence of new regions with geographical discoveries, the European states that have made trips to areas of indigenous peoples living in the region have started to keep in captivity. As noted above, the European historiography of colonial activities on the basis of Geographical Discoveries That is why placement. Geographical discoveries recognized as the beginning of colonialism, Portuguese and Spanish explorers began with the discovery of this process in the history of mankind has led to the emergence of the bloodiest actions.
Portuguese and Spanish explorers that launched this movement in the later stages of the Netherlands, the UK and France, followed by the state as an introduction to colonial activities and established colonies in many parts of the world. These activities are exploited in the lives of people living in the country has been negatively affected, time away from their culture to be assimilated, underground and above ground in the countries remain deprived of wealth to live in poverty and the absence has caused.
As noted above, the basis for colonial activities, at the end of the 15th century and is based on the geographical discoveries of the early 16th century. During this period, many new places in the world, Portuguese and Spanish explorers discovered the pioneers of this discovery and the discovery of traces of the period was the other major European states have opened a new page in the history of the world.
Together with the results of geographical discoveries, as to why it is important. Made with a desire to explore new places, the main reason for this trip, is the desire to win and desire to be rich. This wealth creating innovations that contribute most to the request, the use of three-masted ship was. Another reason is the desire to spread religion has influenced this request travels. At the beginning of the Middle Ages rather primitive marine science, showed progress from the 14th century. The development of the compass, latitude and longitude calculations done to these developments, as Vasgo Colombe de Gama and Cristofer named equipped caravels used by sailors, with the addition of a large ship was happening now opened the way to the ocean.
All these developments, people's desire to be rich, the desire to explore new places, the first discovery of the movement started and added over time, this article has emerged in our subject colonial activities. In general, the causes of geographical discoveries, Religious and mythological reasons, technological reasons, for economic reasons and other reasons can be examined in four chapters.
Colonialism activities of European states richer and many other regions is dominated by wealthy merchants richer that, while on the other side of this situation, unlike murdered, they have lands, natural resources, life rights taken away. They have destroyed cultural heritage and exploit them once this state of being assimilated forced to adopt the culture of a community are outstanding.
At the beginning of the 15th century they live in themselves capable of dealing with a number of problems, which may be happy with less content with these people who lived in that era unknown continent; At the end of the 15th century European explorers making new discoveries with not only economic losses have, however, social and cultural aspects are also doomed to drift to extinction. In their territory who are unaware of what's happening on the other side of the world that indigenous peoples, along with the discovery by Europeans of their continent for the first time they see these people try to submit to grind, but with were slaughtered along with it. Central America on the continent, the modern Mexican region known as in the Aztecs and South America on the west coast, located today in Peru, known as living in the area of the Incas, located in the regions where powerful empires have established and highly advanced civilization attained a high level.
However, Aztec and Inca civilizations are founded, toward the end of the 16th century discovery of the Spaniards had been done and ended with the massacre. Spaniards, assumed control of the brutal exploitation of these two communities and then in other European states will take place within the period of conquest and occupation was a pioneer, started the current European colonialism.
1.2. Colonial States
15th and 16th Century heavily starting geographical discoveries and these discoveries with ongoing trips mentioned above, as once the colonial policy arises and this policy in the light of activities starting to show European states large colonies established. Spread to the four corners of the world that have gained great wealth through colonial activities and have reached a very wide limits. However, these activities are great as a result of the industrial revolution, with the growing need for raw materials and colonial race before the European internal in the bloody conflicts, colonial wars and later 20th century, the entire world affecting the First World War has caused.
Which is our main subject in this study on the effects of European colonialism of Africa before crossing, the world order, economic, social, cultural effects of colonialism which perform their activities of the state and that it would be appropriate to mention colonial activities.
Portuguese geographical discoveries have initiated the first movement and a pioneer of this activity, has been the chief architect of the Prince Henry. Fascinated by the richness of the East and the spread of Christianity and assumed the mission to defend Henry, as a result of trips made with them and any winnings will be collected is also not far from slaves.
The Portuguese started the first trip in 1419, 50 years have been able to pass over the equator in their journey. In 1487 Bartholomew Diaz going further south, from the tip of Africa's past and here "Cape of Storms" was named. King II. jean changing the name to this area "Cape of Good Hope" was named.
Vasco de Gama, one of the brave sailors of the period, proceeded to Cape of Good Hope in 1497. Continued progress travelers Zambezi, Mozambique and had Zenzib. Trips continued until 1524. On the results of this exploration activities of the Portuguese in general we look; not the land they want to dominate the sea trade, trade of Indian wealth alone to judge whether we see that in the ocean. This eagerly engaged in trade with their permission confiscate cargo ship is also an indication of this.
Historians, the Portuguese Vasco de Gama laid the foundation of the colonial empire as people exhibit. Thanks to the advances mentioned above rapidly rising, the collapse of the Portuguese colonial empire was the rise as quickly and most of the 17th century when the Spanish and Dutch colonies were lost to.
After the introduction to the Portuguese colonial activities, the Spanish are; they receive from the Portuguese neighbors have moved further up the flag, not only to discoveries and their colonial massacres with are pre-empting. As a result of their travels Spanish sailors discovered a new continent, and with the discovery of this continent geographical discoveries peak was reached. Spaniards, Asia and Africa as well as in the territory of the indigenous people living in the newly discovered continent that did not give no importance.
States with the presence of a great civilization, they disregarded the lives of indigenous peoples. Mexico the Aztecs, the Incas of Peru were brutally exploited and under the sovereignty they destroyed these societies. As we noted above, the Spanish discoveries "colonialism" were pioneers in the emergence of the current.
Hispanics as a result of how they have made a discovery they had done, and what have engaged in massacres, Lopez de Gomara, who lived between the years of 1511-1566, Historia General de las Indias is possible to understand by looking at his work. Gomara, his work has included the following statements:
"... Sixty years of conquest during the movement of Hispanics, many new land discovered and the people of the Christian made ... What a sublime glory and honor to God and our Spaniards, the Indians only one God, one faith and baptism imposed have ... them human is indispensable for iron use that we teach ... They metals instead of money did not use, but their actual use and the best way to exploit the path it cashed was ... of all this from the bad side, if the room them in the mines, pearl fishing, the transport in use too much because we have not ... "
Considering the testimony of Gomara, Hispanics how hard is the policy of exploitation would not be too hard to understand. "Civilized people" how persecuted they are newly discovered regions, the indigenous people of the region run in quite difficult conditions how they conquered their wealth, their religion and their culture by transferring them, it is obvious that once led to cultural assimilation.
Another shining in the wake of Spanish colonialism European societies, are Dutch. Geography of the Dutch maritime trade and colonial development has made it possible. Towards the end of the 16th century, the king of Spain II. Felib with the power vested in the power of the Portuguese and Spanish are both banned from trading with the Dutch have. As a result of this case was opened new horizons for the Dutch.
In North America, established the city of New Amsterdam. Occupied the southern coast of Brazil. Then they turned to South Africa in Cape Town at the end of the continent were built.
The Dutch had built up a vast colonial empire, a large portion of this empire was located south east of Asia. The Dutch, through their activities, have opened a new era in the world. This period began with them are large troupe is called a period. Dutch rising slightly in maritime trade, thrive, with the effect of jealousy of competitors who want to grow in the 17th century, lost its supremacy and colonial activities in the sea located in the Netherlands and the French took over the British flag.
The British and the French, thanks to companies established in India seized eastern trade and have achieved great economic gain. Not only made in economic activity in this region also has been used Indians as slaves.
Effectively establishing colonies in the Americas, the colonial power, these two have achieved great gains from these regions. Between France and England in order to be a leader in the colonial activities experienced competition and the independence of the American colonies in this competition has played an active role.
The African continent after the 16th century colonial activities of the European states have been exposed. Europe began to be exploited by the slave trade with the continent 1884-1885 Berlin Conference was shared by European powers. The British, dense colonies on Africa is the 19th century when they began to operate. Between the years 1843-1899 the Gambia, Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast, Nigeria, Chad could afford to have. In 1882, the Ottoman Empire invaded and Egypt, which in 1883 had appointed a governor of the region.
In the 16th century under Elizabeth, Walter Raleigh theory of imperialism has proved a kind sea and has summarized this theory with the following words: "who dominate the sea, is dominated by the trade; A judge ruled that trade on the world's wealth, so the world will judge. "
Raleigh's revealed this thesis forms the basis of British colonialism and the British from the 16th century acted in this direction. By the 19th century, as mentioned above in the Berlin conference of African territories, shared between the European powers, after the impact of British colonialism in Africa has increased. England, India trade with to ensure safety in this region of Somalia to seize on behalf labors, and finally in 1886, Somali elders of the tribe with his treaty with the northern region completely under the sovereignty took. Africa, the Berlin Conference was shared with the British took the lion's share. The basic strategy of the British in this century can be summed up in these words: "If you do not capture the entirety of a country divide, divide and rule." British 19th Century As we look at their policies clearly seen in this case.
African, French, and subjected to raids in the colonial part of the continent for a long time remained under the control of France. Napoleon's famous commander of the French in 1798, is located in Egypt was occupied by the Ottoman administration.
French, the invasion of Egypt purpose, the Mediterranean and the far east of England to break the influence, far east of the road seized the power in the region was to be effective. After the Berlin Conference which enhances the activity in the region as a colony of France's most influential colonial Senegal can show. France in 1895, Senegal has made an official colony. France, Senegal colonial activities have evolved differently than in other regions. Senegal, economic investment in the region has been one of the most performed.
Introduction to the Germans in the 19th century colonial activities have been. Berlin conference on the African soil for the de facto be shared with Africa attack even gained momentum Germans, industrialized and Europe strengthened as a state rivals than colonialism late in the race have stayed also his impact colonialism race a quick introduction to have done it. In 1884 this day was occupied by the Germans in Tanzania. Thereafter, Germany, German South-West Africa and the Gulf of Guinea in this day Namibl seized in Togo and Cameroon.
As can be seen, beginning in the 15th century colonial activities, the European states and the most important source of income has come to symbolize their power. They have a great power through colonial reaching these states in themselves and between competing colonial conflicts have occurred. Exploited regions affected from these activities only in the economic sphere, religious, social, cultural assimilation have lived in the area. The emergence of colonialism and in this section we refer to the development process, we have discussed on the basis of economic colonialism. In the second part of our article, which is our real issue of the impact of colonialism on Africa will try to examine.
2 Colonialism EFFECTS ON AFRICA
2.1 Social Impacts
Africa, starting in the 15th century with the discovery motion, especially after the discovery of the Cape of Good Hope is acquainted with European colonialism. Local people living in Africa, from this period used as slaves by European countries and the Europeans, they are looked at as a revenue stream to the slave trade of the region people have their lives turned upside down.
They enabled the Portuguese slave trade in Angola is only one of this region. From the middle of the 16th century slave trade gained momentum in this region, before the locals who work in the sugar plantations in the region later in America who were sent to other Portuguese colonies. Colonialism, African people on the negative effects, one of the institution of slavery for many years throughout the continent of the people, as a goods trade made as a result of people's persecution to pull free life deprived of their rights to remain caused.
Slavery in European society is the main reason why it is so common that the Europeans themselves are superior vision. Viewpoint discrimination among people of European society has set world politics. Africa, the "black man", the centuries-old European "white man's" separatist viewpoint the exploited its natural resources, in addition to the free right to life in deprived and as a goods trade as the material is used. This is a discriminatory point of view; settled understanding of modern society, which is also going on today where the so-called civilized level. African people, are still exposed to ill-treatment or even discrimination. Somalia, Liberia, Uganda today are exposed to discrimination mentioned are just a few of the African countries.
Colonialism, Africa has a negative effect on how much distant time left to understand that there is no need to go to. Where the people of Africa in today's economic situation, living in poverty and hunger will be sufficient to look. Geographical having a fairly fertile soil of the African peoples, they have the majority of underground and above ground resources in the region continued colonial domination for a long time has been lost to the European powers.
These days, the world of peace, brotherhood talk about Europe, not so much follow a century ago, the predatory policy of ignoring the world is supposed to give a message of peace. However, with an understanding of the past colonial era full control of the region it operates in Europe, with the understanding that today's modern colonial activities are opting to ignore. Our era of slavery understanding of the 19th century is different from, but outlook unchanged, "the black man" second-class people to be seen as ongoing and a European citizen, perhaps drinking a cup of coffee that pays money also spend hours working prisoners are released. It gives a message of peace to the world as a result of the understanding of modern day slavery is occurring.
2.2 Economic Impacts
Africa, the colonial activities as a result of exposure to refer to economic problems, mentioned in the previous section we need to consider the institution of slavery would be the place. Operated for centuries as slaves, bought and sold continent of people struggling for a long time to get rid of this situation has given. The freedom to live decently win gave the name as a result of this struggle, albeit difficult, and have established their own independent state in Africa.
Africa, a continent rich in natural resources, although for a long time that the exploitation by European powers, the continent's natural resources that have not been used by local people. As a natural consequence of this situation failed to industrialization of African countries, was unable to provide the domestic capital circulation and with it investment in key sectors such as education and health care has not.
As we noted earlier, with the industrial revolution in search of raw materials entering the European countries have flocked to the African continent and have exploited the wealth of the continent. Who exploit the region's natural resources "Modern Europeans", where today the people of Africa in poverty, despair, were the main cause of hunger.
Today the vast majority of the African people, are living in poverty. This is one of the most painful consequences of colonialism. While many people point to starve the people of Europe the contrary, part of the economic crisis lived a comfortable life in general is ongoing.
Africa as a result of the economic hardship experienced by people in the health sector has not invested enough, and with it to show the beginning of health problems in the region, a high prevalence of infectious diseases has become inevitable. In this case, the only reason for the people of Africa to Europe is based on our perspective. Today, the world of peace and brotherhood to mention the inhumane practices in the past they trying to cover something else is not.
Colonialism, economic effects on the people of Africa and the continent also continues today many of the people condemned to live on the edge of hunger in a way, while other parts have been given the desperation of hunger, death awaits. European colonists gave up philosophy as stated in the previous section of this philosophy today is to maintain vitality.
With cheap labor, ongoing understanding of colonial and African people forced to work for a dollar logging is allowed. This approach is different from colonialism and modern colonialism, as discussed in "Imperialism" is named. imperialism; Unlike colonialism, rather than a simple accumulation and seize, take, and this domination domination bound to create forms of knowledge. As the understanding of modern colonialism, imperialism could mention, along with the ongoing colonial understanding and people under difficult circumstances at present, is to work long hours. Due to the economic situation in which they are forced to work under these conditions is living in the African human desperation.
2.3 Cultural Influences
As a result of colonialism, African people, not only in economic and social fields have also encounter problems in terms of cultural loss is suffered. Starting with geographical discoveries in the region to recognize the activities of the European states, only exploit natural resources, people have been using it as a slave at the same time they go to areas they have taken in their culture and their religion. In this way, by making a kind of assimilation of local people try to make you become attached to them and have made plans to exploit the long-term.
These days we look at countries in Africa, gained independence in colonial areas exposed to currents of the people, which was established in the states we see that common European languages. French and English are widely spoken in the region. Europe, these people not only natural resources but also the exploitation of their culture and laid the groundwork to be assimilated. Present at the effects of technology with their influential television programs with their own language and disseminate policies which are still alive in Europe, these studies as a result of African newborn many children from their culture away from the European culture and beliefs according to the catching is preparing the ground.
Colonialism on the African continent has been a further effect on the religion. Sent to the region as a result of the intense activities of missionaries and supporting these activities with the help of associations between people of African Christianity has spread. Regional spread of European culture over time, conflicts on the European continent that existed between the people of this region carried it. Each European country with the Berlin Conference to share their culture have spread in the region and as a consequence, the people on the African continent between the culture clash has occurred.
Languages and religions that make up the basic methods of European colonialism in Africa and African people also showed the effect of the influence of European culture once entering the colonial powers would have provided the environment in which you want. Self-touted as a civilized society of Europe who, in many parts of the world to implement its policies on Africa and look at the results we have also been successful. The people of Africa, their culture, religion, language and culture of the region to stay away from paved the way for the destruction of the.
the result
Europe, the geographical discoveries started with colonial adventure in every period developed overgrown and European states to develop, while the contrary exploited people living in the economic, cultural and social areas to decline from their culture break and Europe to adopt the culture has caused. European colonies as well as the regions where his policies have been generally the same as a priority and people were assimilated detached from religion and language.
European states implemented these policies in other parts of the world, the African continent and the continent in the same way people have walked away from their own culture by day, came under the effect is of European culture. European colonial policy which had been implemented, "Civilization" concept under the shelter are trying to demonstrate in a different context. Europeans brought civilization to the region and suggests that they go, they have achieved civilizing Contrary to the existing civil areas gave rise to the accumulation of extinction.
Exploited sections of Africa today, and he also tries to heal the wounds of colonial exploitation of propaganda with the help of the so-called European future state, which is in need of help. Heavily dominated by European culture in Africa, we look to the language spoken European language we can say that a judge of the continent. In the same way also occurred in Africa and people of the exploitation of religion was Christianized. Too many people living in today Africas Christian is felt on the impact of European culture.
Our hopes for the people of Africa to heal the wounds, hunger and misery that exists in the region following the end, people are living under better conditions. Undoubtedly, for the realization of wishes, thoughts away from the humanitarian point of interest is required. African countries, primarily to get rid of this situation are required to invest in training. External threats, better educated society can take obvious precautions should be kept in the forefront of education in the African. Nevertheless, Africa, industrialization should also be given importance and should avoid being dependent on outside. Thus, continents, people will have the chance to live in more favorable conditions.
akademikperspektif.com'dan alınmıştır.
AHMET ASAN
Karadeniz Technical University, History
European states for centuries has been found in colonial activities and through these activities have achieved great financial gain. As a result of these activities; on one side, richer, and more power their culture and religion is a colony founded thanks to the local community that instills in Europe, on the other hand strong European states eye decision because of avarice poverty, cultural assimilation and slavery in danger of extinction peoples living has emerged.
Exploited for centuries, societies have lost a large part of the natural resources of their own culture as well as to come to the breaking point has experienced the danger of assimilation. Present at the remaining centuries they carry out colonial activities in the field of European states we look at the local culture rather than "European culture" is effective. Today we look at the continent of Africa in the Americas and spoken language and religious beliefs in a tangible way we see it.
Exploited African peoples, rebelled and gained their independence in the face of this situation has lasted a very long until it comes to the middle of the 21st century of European states has continued its effects on Africa. For a long time these societies living under the pressure of European colonial powers had entered a bloody struggle, although late, gained their independence and were able to put a stop to the activities of European colonies.
In this study; Colonial activities, sources with knowledge of the subject in the light, will be examined in two parts, the first part; Colonialism in the birth process, the development stage and will be given information about the colonial state. In the second part; The colonial carrying out the activities of these states, colonial Africa of the activities that have been created on the social, cultural and economic impacts will be discussed.
1 Colonialism
1.1. Colonialism and the Emergence of Development Process
Colonialism, occupation of a foreign land, that land processing and settlement of immigrants there is a term used to refer to. Historiography of Western colonialism started with geographic discoveries of the period. Published in 1991 in his book The History of colonial France with Geographical Discoveries and Explorers of colonial adventures begin with are indicated.
Towards the end of the 15th century was discovered many new places in the world. This discovery together with the world's Europe, Africa and Asia from the western region of the northern region was found to be composed. Portuguese and Spaniards of these discoveries pioneers and explore the area they live in the people put to the sword, and they have precious metals, agricultural products into their countries have transferred, but also the slave trade also brought a new dimension have.
Aware of the existence of new regions with geographical discoveries, the European states that have made trips to areas of indigenous peoples living in the region have started to keep in captivity. As noted above, the European historiography of colonial activities on the basis of Geographical Discoveries That is why placement. Geographical discoveries recognized as the beginning of colonialism, Portuguese and Spanish explorers began with the discovery of this process in the history of mankind has led to the emergence of the bloodiest actions.
Portuguese and Spanish explorers that launched this movement in the later stages of the Netherlands, the UK and France, followed by the state as an introduction to colonial activities and established colonies in many parts of the world. These activities are exploited in the lives of people living in the country has been negatively affected, time away from their culture to be assimilated, underground and above ground in the countries remain deprived of wealth to live in poverty and the absence has caused.
As noted above, the basis for colonial activities, at the end of the 15th century and is based on the geographical discoveries of the early 16th century. During this period, many new places in the world, Portuguese and Spanish explorers discovered the pioneers of this discovery and the discovery of traces of the period was the other major European states have opened a new page in the history of the world.
Together with the results of geographical discoveries, as to why it is important. Made with a desire to explore new places, the main reason for this trip, is the desire to win and desire to be rich. This wealth creating innovations that contribute most to the request, the use of three-masted ship was. Another reason is the desire to spread religion has influenced this request travels. At the beginning of the Middle Ages rather primitive marine science, showed progress from the 14th century. The development of the compass, latitude and longitude calculations done to these developments, as Vasgo Colombe de Gama and Cristofer named equipped caravels used by sailors, with the addition of a large ship was happening now opened the way to the ocean.
All these developments, people's desire to be rich, the desire to explore new places, the first discovery of the movement started and added over time, this article has emerged in our subject colonial activities. In general, the causes of geographical discoveries, Religious and mythological reasons, technological reasons, for economic reasons and other reasons can be examined in four chapters.
Colonialism activities of European states richer and many other regions is dominated by wealthy merchants richer that, while on the other side of this situation, unlike murdered, they have lands, natural resources, life rights taken away. They have destroyed cultural heritage and exploit them once this state of being assimilated forced to adopt the culture of a community are outstanding.
At the beginning of the 15th century they live in themselves capable of dealing with a number of problems, which may be happy with less content with these people who lived in that era unknown continent; At the end of the 15th century European explorers making new discoveries with not only economic losses have, however, social and cultural aspects are also doomed to drift to extinction. In their territory who are unaware of what's happening on the other side of the world that indigenous peoples, along with the discovery by Europeans of their continent for the first time they see these people try to submit to grind, but with were slaughtered along with it. Central America on the continent, the modern Mexican region known as in the Aztecs and South America on the west coast, located today in Peru, known as living in the area of the Incas, located in the regions where powerful empires have established and highly advanced civilization attained a high level.
However, Aztec and Inca civilizations are founded, toward the end of the 16th century discovery of the Spaniards had been done and ended with the massacre. Spaniards, assumed control of the brutal exploitation of these two communities and then in other European states will take place within the period of conquest and occupation was a pioneer, started the current European colonialism.
1.2. Colonial States
15th and 16th Century heavily starting geographical discoveries and these discoveries with ongoing trips mentioned above, as once the colonial policy arises and this policy in the light of activities starting to show European states large colonies established. Spread to the four corners of the world that have gained great wealth through colonial activities and have reached a very wide limits. However, these activities are great as a result of the industrial revolution, with the growing need for raw materials and colonial race before the European internal in the bloody conflicts, colonial wars and later 20th century, the entire world affecting the First World War has caused.
Which is our main subject in this study on the effects of European colonialism of Africa before crossing, the world order, economic, social, cultural effects of colonialism which perform their activities of the state and that it would be appropriate to mention colonial activities.
Portuguese geographical discoveries have initiated the first movement and a pioneer of this activity, has been the chief architect of the Prince Henry. Fascinated by the richness of the East and the spread of Christianity and assumed the mission to defend Henry, as a result of trips made with them and any winnings will be collected is also not far from slaves.
The Portuguese started the first trip in 1419, 50 years have been able to pass over the equator in their journey. In 1487 Bartholomew Diaz going further south, from the tip of Africa's past and here "Cape of Storms" was named. King II. jean changing the name to this area "Cape of Good Hope" was named.
Vasco de Gama, one of the brave sailors of the period, proceeded to Cape of Good Hope in 1497. Continued progress travelers Zambezi, Mozambique and had Zenzib. Trips continued until 1524. On the results of this exploration activities of the Portuguese in general we look; not the land they want to dominate the sea trade, trade of Indian wealth alone to judge whether we see that in the ocean. This eagerly engaged in trade with their permission confiscate cargo ship is also an indication of this.
Historians, the Portuguese Vasco de Gama laid the foundation of the colonial empire as people exhibit. Thanks to the advances mentioned above rapidly rising, the collapse of the Portuguese colonial empire was the rise as quickly and most of the 17th century when the Spanish and Dutch colonies were lost to.
After the introduction to the Portuguese colonial activities, the Spanish are; they receive from the Portuguese neighbors have moved further up the flag, not only to discoveries and their colonial massacres with are pre-empting. As a result of their travels Spanish sailors discovered a new continent, and with the discovery of this continent geographical discoveries peak was reached. Spaniards, Asia and Africa as well as in the territory of the indigenous people living in the newly discovered continent that did not give no importance.
States with the presence of a great civilization, they disregarded the lives of indigenous peoples. Mexico the Aztecs, the Incas of Peru were brutally exploited and under the sovereignty they destroyed these societies. As we noted above, the Spanish discoveries "colonialism" were pioneers in the emergence of the current.
Hispanics as a result of how they have made a discovery they had done, and what have engaged in massacres, Lopez de Gomara, who lived between the years of 1511-1566, Historia General de las Indias is possible to understand by looking at his work. Gomara, his work has included the following statements:
"... Sixty years of conquest during the movement of Hispanics, many new land discovered and the people of the Christian made ... What a sublime glory and honor to God and our Spaniards, the Indians only one God, one faith and baptism imposed have ... them human is indispensable for iron use that we teach ... They metals instead of money did not use, but their actual use and the best way to exploit the path it cashed was ... of all this from the bad side, if the room them in the mines, pearl fishing, the transport in use too much because we have not ... "
Considering the testimony of Gomara, Hispanics how hard is the policy of exploitation would not be too hard to understand. "Civilized people" how persecuted they are newly discovered regions, the indigenous people of the region run in quite difficult conditions how they conquered their wealth, their religion and their culture by transferring them, it is obvious that once led to cultural assimilation.
Another shining in the wake of Spanish colonialism European societies, are Dutch. Geography of the Dutch maritime trade and colonial development has made it possible. Towards the end of the 16th century, the king of Spain II. Felib with the power vested in the power of the Portuguese and Spanish are both banned from trading with the Dutch have. As a result of this case was opened new horizons for the Dutch.
In North America, established the city of New Amsterdam. Occupied the southern coast of Brazil. Then they turned to South Africa in Cape Town at the end of the continent were built.
The Dutch had built up a vast colonial empire, a large portion of this empire was located south east of Asia. The Dutch, through their activities, have opened a new era in the world. This period began with them are large troupe is called a period. Dutch rising slightly in maritime trade, thrive, with the effect of jealousy of competitors who want to grow in the 17th century, lost its supremacy and colonial activities in the sea located in the Netherlands and the French took over the British flag.
The British and the French, thanks to companies established in India seized eastern trade and have achieved great economic gain. Not only made in economic activity in this region also has been used Indians as slaves.
Effectively establishing colonies in the Americas, the colonial power, these two have achieved great gains from these regions. Between France and England in order to be a leader in the colonial activities experienced competition and the independence of the American colonies in this competition has played an active role.
The African continent after the 16th century colonial activities of the European states have been exposed. Europe began to be exploited by the slave trade with the continent 1884-1885 Berlin Conference was shared by European powers. The British, dense colonies on Africa is the 19th century when they began to operate. Between the years 1843-1899 the Gambia, Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast, Nigeria, Chad could afford to have. In 1882, the Ottoman Empire invaded and Egypt, which in 1883 had appointed a governor of the region.
In the 16th century under Elizabeth, Walter Raleigh theory of imperialism has proved a kind sea and has summarized this theory with the following words: "who dominate the sea, is dominated by the trade; A judge ruled that trade on the world's wealth, so the world will judge. "
Raleigh's revealed this thesis forms the basis of British colonialism and the British from the 16th century acted in this direction. By the 19th century, as mentioned above in the Berlin conference of African territories, shared between the European powers, after the impact of British colonialism in Africa has increased. England, India trade with to ensure safety in this region of Somalia to seize on behalf labors, and finally in 1886, Somali elders of the tribe with his treaty with the northern region completely under the sovereignty took. Africa, the Berlin Conference was shared with the British took the lion's share. The basic strategy of the British in this century can be summed up in these words: "If you do not capture the entirety of a country divide, divide and rule." British 19th Century As we look at their policies clearly seen in this case.
African, French, and subjected to raids in the colonial part of the continent for a long time remained under the control of France. Napoleon's famous commander of the French in 1798, is located in Egypt was occupied by the Ottoman administration.
French, the invasion of Egypt purpose, the Mediterranean and the far east of England to break the influence, far east of the road seized the power in the region was to be effective. After the Berlin Conference which enhances the activity in the region as a colony of France's most influential colonial Senegal can show. France in 1895, Senegal has made an official colony. France, Senegal colonial activities have evolved differently than in other regions. Senegal, economic investment in the region has been one of the most performed.
Introduction to the Germans in the 19th century colonial activities have been. Berlin conference on the African soil for the de facto be shared with Africa attack even gained momentum Germans, industrialized and Europe strengthened as a state rivals than colonialism late in the race have stayed also his impact colonialism race a quick introduction to have done it. In 1884 this day was occupied by the Germans in Tanzania. Thereafter, Germany, German South-West Africa and the Gulf of Guinea in this day Namibl seized in Togo and Cameroon.
As can be seen, beginning in the 15th century colonial activities, the European states and the most important source of income has come to symbolize their power. They have a great power through colonial reaching these states in themselves and between competing colonial conflicts have occurred. Exploited regions affected from these activities only in the economic sphere, religious, social, cultural assimilation have lived in the area. The emergence of colonialism and in this section we refer to the development process, we have discussed on the basis of economic colonialism. In the second part of our article, which is our real issue of the impact of colonialism on Africa will try to examine.
2 Colonialism EFFECTS ON AFRICA
2.1 Social Impacts
Africa, starting in the 15th century with the discovery motion, especially after the discovery of the Cape of Good Hope is acquainted with European colonialism. Local people living in Africa, from this period used as slaves by European countries and the Europeans, they are looked at as a revenue stream to the slave trade of the region people have their lives turned upside down.
They enabled the Portuguese slave trade in Angola is only one of this region. From the middle of the 16th century slave trade gained momentum in this region, before the locals who work in the sugar plantations in the region later in America who were sent to other Portuguese colonies. Colonialism, African people on the negative effects, one of the institution of slavery for many years throughout the continent of the people, as a goods trade made as a result of people's persecution to pull free life deprived of their rights to remain caused.
Slavery in European society is the main reason why it is so common that the Europeans themselves are superior vision. Viewpoint discrimination among people of European society has set world politics. Africa, the "black man", the centuries-old European "white man's" separatist viewpoint the exploited its natural resources, in addition to the free right to life in deprived and as a goods trade as the material is used. This is a discriminatory point of view; settled understanding of modern society, which is also going on today where the so-called civilized level. African people, are still exposed to ill-treatment or even discrimination. Somalia, Liberia, Uganda today are exposed to discrimination mentioned are just a few of the African countries.
Colonialism, Africa has a negative effect on how much distant time left to understand that there is no need to go to. Where the people of Africa in today's economic situation, living in poverty and hunger will be sufficient to look. Geographical having a fairly fertile soil of the African peoples, they have the majority of underground and above ground resources in the region continued colonial domination for a long time has been lost to the European powers.
These days, the world of peace, brotherhood talk about Europe, not so much follow a century ago, the predatory policy of ignoring the world is supposed to give a message of peace. However, with an understanding of the past colonial era full control of the region it operates in Europe, with the understanding that today's modern colonial activities are opting to ignore. Our era of slavery understanding of the 19th century is different from, but outlook unchanged, "the black man" second-class people to be seen as ongoing and a European citizen, perhaps drinking a cup of coffee that pays money also spend hours working prisoners are released. It gives a message of peace to the world as a result of the understanding of modern day slavery is occurring.
2.2 Economic Impacts
Africa, the colonial activities as a result of exposure to refer to economic problems, mentioned in the previous section we need to consider the institution of slavery would be the place. Operated for centuries as slaves, bought and sold continent of people struggling for a long time to get rid of this situation has given. The freedom to live decently win gave the name as a result of this struggle, albeit difficult, and have established their own independent state in Africa.
Africa, a continent rich in natural resources, although for a long time that the exploitation by European powers, the continent's natural resources that have not been used by local people. As a natural consequence of this situation failed to industrialization of African countries, was unable to provide the domestic capital circulation and with it investment in key sectors such as education and health care has not.
As we noted earlier, with the industrial revolution in search of raw materials entering the European countries have flocked to the African continent and have exploited the wealth of the continent. Who exploit the region's natural resources "Modern Europeans", where today the people of Africa in poverty, despair, were the main cause of hunger.
Today the vast majority of the African people, are living in poverty. This is one of the most painful consequences of colonialism. While many people point to starve the people of Europe the contrary, part of the economic crisis lived a comfortable life in general is ongoing.
Africa as a result of the economic hardship experienced by people in the health sector has not invested enough, and with it to show the beginning of health problems in the region, a high prevalence of infectious diseases has become inevitable. In this case, the only reason for the people of Africa to Europe is based on our perspective. Today, the world of peace and brotherhood to mention the inhumane practices in the past they trying to cover something else is not.
Colonialism, economic effects on the people of Africa and the continent also continues today many of the people condemned to live on the edge of hunger in a way, while other parts have been given the desperation of hunger, death awaits. European colonists gave up philosophy as stated in the previous section of this philosophy today is to maintain vitality.
With cheap labor, ongoing understanding of colonial and African people forced to work for a dollar logging is allowed. This approach is different from colonialism and modern colonialism, as discussed in "Imperialism" is named. imperialism; Unlike colonialism, rather than a simple accumulation and seize, take, and this domination domination bound to create forms of knowledge. As the understanding of modern colonialism, imperialism could mention, along with the ongoing colonial understanding and people under difficult circumstances at present, is to work long hours. Due to the economic situation in which they are forced to work under these conditions is living in the African human desperation.
2.3 Cultural Influences
As a result of colonialism, African people, not only in economic and social fields have also encounter problems in terms of cultural loss is suffered. Starting with geographical discoveries in the region to recognize the activities of the European states, only exploit natural resources, people have been using it as a slave at the same time they go to areas they have taken in their culture and their religion. In this way, by making a kind of assimilation of local people try to make you become attached to them and have made plans to exploit the long-term.
These days we look at countries in Africa, gained independence in colonial areas exposed to currents of the people, which was established in the states we see that common European languages. French and English are widely spoken in the region. Europe, these people not only natural resources but also the exploitation of their culture and laid the groundwork to be assimilated. Present at the effects of technology with their influential television programs with their own language and disseminate policies which are still alive in Europe, these studies as a result of African newborn many children from their culture away from the European culture and beliefs according to the catching is preparing the ground.
Colonialism on the African continent has been a further effect on the religion. Sent to the region as a result of the intense activities of missionaries and supporting these activities with the help of associations between people of African Christianity has spread. Regional spread of European culture over time, conflicts on the European continent that existed between the people of this region carried it. Each European country with the Berlin Conference to share their culture have spread in the region and as a consequence, the people on the African continent between the culture clash has occurred.
Languages and religions that make up the basic methods of European colonialism in Africa and African people also showed the effect of the influence of European culture once entering the colonial powers would have provided the environment in which you want. Self-touted as a civilized society of Europe who, in many parts of the world to implement its policies on Africa and look at the results we have also been successful. The people of Africa, their culture, religion, language and culture of the region to stay away from paved the way for the destruction of the.
the result
Europe, the geographical discoveries started with colonial adventure in every period developed overgrown and European states to develop, while the contrary exploited people living in the economic, cultural and social areas to decline from their culture break and Europe to adopt the culture has caused. European colonies as well as the regions where his policies have been generally the same as a priority and people were assimilated detached from religion and language.
European states implemented these policies in other parts of the world, the African continent and the continent in the same way people have walked away from their own culture by day, came under the effect is of European culture. European colonial policy which had been implemented, "Civilization" concept under the shelter are trying to demonstrate in a different context. Europeans brought civilization to the region and suggests that they go, they have achieved civilizing Contrary to the existing civil areas gave rise to the accumulation of extinction.
Exploited sections of Africa today, and he also tries to heal the wounds of colonial exploitation of propaganda with the help of the so-called European future state, which is in need of help. Heavily dominated by European culture in Africa, we look to the language spoken European language we can say that a judge of the continent. In the same way also occurred in Africa and people of the exploitation of religion was Christianized. Too many people living in today Africas Christian is felt on the impact of European culture.
Our hopes for the people of Africa to heal the wounds, hunger and misery that exists in the region following the end, people are living under better conditions. Undoubtedly, for the realization of wishes, thoughts away from the humanitarian point of interest is required. African countries, primarily to get rid of this situation are required to invest in training. External threats, better educated society can take obvious precautions should be kept in the forefront of education in the African. Nevertheless, Africa, industrialization should also be given importance and should avoid being dependent on outside. Thus, continents, people will have the chance to live in more favorable conditions.
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Pope: I beg Wars Stop Now !
Papa Francesco Catholic Church, the spiritual leader of the Israeli-Palestinian and Middle Eastern countries such as Iraq and demand an end to the conflict in Ukraine asked.
Sect among the most likely having the Catholic Church's spiritual leader, Papa Francesco, Israel-Palestine and Iraq, the Middle East countries and Ukraine experienced in end to hostilities towards, "With all my heart I beg, I beg you now stand with the words" urges.
Papa Francesco, in St. Peter's Square at the Vatican performs with the participation of thousands of people at the Sunday Angelus prayer, prayer for world peace reiterated. In the Middle East and Ukraine clashes pointing to the Argentine spiritual leader, "God, that area of the public and officials, all disputes overcome for dialogue, negotiation and compromise with a determination to peace in the determination walking for wisdom and strength give," he prayed.
"Do NOT WAR NEVER AGAIN"
LOST EVERYTHING that war, peace will not LOSE NOTHING SHOULD BE REMEMBERED mentioned that the PAPA, said:
"Dear brothers and sisters, not war, Never Again! Especially life expectancy, future destroyed, dead, wounded, crippled, orphaned, playing on the ruins of war, and I think children who do not smile."
"I beg you, STOP"
The Pope expressed his right hand after picking up the sound of the increasing violence, "I beg you, stop it, I would ask with all my heart. Longer dwell time. Please stop now," he said.
Tomorrow the First World War, the outbreak of the 100th anniversary mentioning that the Pope, "Tomorrow this drama to remember a day of mourning will be. These tragic events as you remember past mistakes are repeated to lessons from history taking I wish," he said. 78-year-old leader, not of personal interest to the center of the decisions taken, the common good and respect for each individual that should be added.
Sect among the most likely having the Catholic Church's spiritual leader, Papa Francesco, Israel-Palestine and Iraq, the Middle East countries and Ukraine experienced in end to hostilities towards, "With all my heart I beg, I beg you now stand with the words" urges.
Papa Francesco, in St. Peter's Square at the Vatican performs with the participation of thousands of people at the Sunday Angelus prayer, prayer for world peace reiterated. In the Middle East and Ukraine clashes pointing to the Argentine spiritual leader, "God, that area of the public and officials, all disputes overcome for dialogue, negotiation and compromise with a determination to peace in the determination walking for wisdom and strength give," he prayed.
"Do NOT WAR NEVER AGAIN"
LOST EVERYTHING that war, peace will not LOSE NOTHING SHOULD BE REMEMBERED mentioned that the PAPA, said:
"Dear brothers and sisters, not war, Never Again! Especially life expectancy, future destroyed, dead, wounded, crippled, orphaned, playing on the ruins of war, and I think children who do not smile."
"I beg you, STOP"
The Pope expressed his right hand after picking up the sound of the increasing violence, "I beg you, stop it, I would ask with all my heart. Longer dwell time. Please stop now," he said.
Tomorrow the First World War, the outbreak of the 100th anniversary mentioning that the Pope, "Tomorrow this drama to remember a day of mourning will be. These tragic events as you remember past mistakes are repeated to lessons from history taking I wish," he said. 78-year-old leader, not of personal interest to the center of the decisions taken, the common good and respect for each individual that should be added.
Kadyrov, U.S. President Barack Obama and the EU to ban the entry of executives brought in Chechnya.
President of Chechnya Ramzan Kadyrov, has prepared a list of sanctions in retaliation for EU sanctions. In the list of names of persons who reported that Chechnya was refused entry.
Kadyrov, his Instagram account, "My dear friends," he began message around the world in Afghanistan, Libya, Syria and Iraq, and recently witnessed the tragedy in Ukraine continued by stating that:
"Democracy exports under the shape there civilian people, women, the elderly, killing children, cities, places of worship ravaged. All of this directly from the United States and the European Union are responsible. These countries, the leaders of the countries and peoples directed against state terrorism. Mostly Muslim blood is flowing. Today, the U.S. and the EU against me and sanctions imposed in retaliation for I read a list of sanctions to prepare decided. this list of U.S. President Barack Obama, EU Commission President Jose Manuel Barroso, European Council President Herman Van Rompuy, the EU's Foreign and Security Policy High representative Catherine Ashton and European Parliament President Martin Shculz ranks. "
Ramzan Kadyrov, the freezing of their accounts and assets that give instructions for entry to Chechnya from July 27 announced that the ban.
Kadyrov, his Instagram account, "My dear friends," he began message around the world in Afghanistan, Libya, Syria and Iraq, and recently witnessed the tragedy in Ukraine continued by stating that:
"Democracy exports under the shape there civilian people, women, the elderly, killing children, cities, places of worship ravaged. All of this directly from the United States and the European Union are responsible. These countries, the leaders of the countries and peoples directed against state terrorism. Mostly Muslim blood is flowing. Today, the U.S. and the EU against me and sanctions imposed in retaliation for I read a list of sanctions to prepare decided. this list of U.S. President Barack Obama, EU Commission President Jose Manuel Barroso, European Council President Herman Van Rompuy, the EU's Foreign and Security Policy High representative Catherine Ashton and European Parliament President Martin Shculz ranks. "
Ramzan Kadyrov, the freezing of their accounts and assets that give instructions for entry to Chechnya from July 27 announced that the ban.
U.S. : We Stay alone still defend Israel
U.S. State Department spokesman Marie Harf, "As we have repeatedly stated earlier, we are telling you bluntly; off alone in defending Israel in the international community," he said.
U.S. State Department spokesman Marie Harf the daily press briefing, the UN Human Rights Council, Israel's attack on the decision to establish a commission of inquiry was also asked. Why is the U.S. voting against the establishment of such a commission of inquiry to be directed on that letter, said:
"One-sided. Human Rights Council special session today and we strongly opposes the decision, the Council biased against Israel as we see the last of a series of actions. That you specify, such as the establishment of such a mechanism are located across the street, because this one-sided. Nobody here does not refer to Hamas rocket. Nobody, outside of Israel, offered to look at something else here, I repeat; that are opposed to unilateral decision. "
The U.S. is the only country that voted against the resolution, while on reminder letters, abstained from voting in 17 countries in Europe, he said. Letter, "As we have repeatedly stated earlier, we are telling you bluntly; We will defend Israel in the international community off alone. Did you see that, "he said.
U.S. State Department spokesman Marie Harf the daily press briefing, the UN Human Rights Council, Israel's attack on the decision to establish a commission of inquiry was also asked. Why is the U.S. voting against the establishment of such a commission of inquiry to be directed on that letter, said:
"One-sided. Human Rights Council special session today and we strongly opposes the decision, the Council biased against Israel as we see the last of a series of actions. That you specify, such as the establishment of such a mechanism are located across the street, because this one-sided. Nobody here does not refer to Hamas rocket. Nobody, outside of Israel, offered to look at something else here, I repeat; that are opposed to unilateral decision. "
The U.S. is the only country that voted against the resolution, while on reminder letters, abstained from voting in 17 countries in Europe, he said. Letter, "As we have repeatedly stated earlier, we are telling you bluntly; We will defend Israel in the international community off alone. Did you see that, "he said.
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