Refik BARAN
December 09, 2014
National Pact is
the political manifest which is include 6 articles some principles defined in
Erzurum and Sivas Congress and these principles accepted by Last Ottoaman
Chamber of Deputies with consensus and it as agreed in 28 January in 1920 with
unanimit. It was a peace negotiation, and it is about peace provision which
accepted by Turkey. National Pact means national swear. Its articles are:
Turkey were
about peace conditions which can accepted by Turkey. National Pact is a
basically program of National Sovereignty and National War.
First principle
is about self-determination. Arabian society have a chance self-determination
about their future but other part include Ottoman-Muslim and they are entire
and can not divine. Kars-Ardahan-Batum can do a referandum about their politic
destiny. West Thrace can decide its legal position with vote in a freedom.
Istanbul and Marmara should be safe and far away from any danger. Strait’s open
to trade ships based on agreement between states. According to principles,
minority rules will be apply associate with Muslim people in contiguous
country. There is no restriction from other countries about Turkey’s economic,
political and legal independence. It is a vital rule.
Positive Effects of National Pact
Initially, the
targets of national pact had been
identified by means of the Chamber of Deputies. This situation was very
important and salubrious for the stability of the state and national pact.
Secondly, understanding of nationalism was settled. Thanks to understanding of
nationalism, nationalist movements and feelings which were very beneficial for
the country’s rescue were raised. On the other hand, the rights of minorities
will be issued on condition that the rights of the Moslem minorities in
neighboring countries are protected. Under the lights of these developments,
Moslem minorities which were lived in neighbour countries subsisted and
transmigrated safely to Turkey in the future. Thirdly, in order to develop in
every capitulations will be removed and this means that, it’s the very suitable
reaction against enemy states who were wanted to separeted the state. Fourthly,
understanding of national states was accepted and through this, glorius state
and honorable nation showed own integrity against economy. In addition,
nationalism was accepted in stead of ümmetçilik. So, alleged religious
movements which were harmful for the state’s future was removed. Also, the
principle of full independence was accepted and by means of that, state was
protected in spite of the enemy countries and inner apple polisher movements
and interventions. In addition to that, the another positive effects of
national pact was national pact’s limits was expressed what as to means clearl.
Through this, the area of territory which should be defended was determined.
Also, in these times, Chamber of Deputies was closed and Grand National
Assembly of Turkey was opened. In here, I wanted to stressed the underline of
the Chamber of Deputies. In the beginning and the establishment process of
national pact, Chamber of Deputies was helpful but after the national pact,
enemy states and inner apple polishers manipulated Chamber of Deputies for
against full independence of state. Therefore, turning of the Chamber of
Deputies was urgent situation for state’s future. So, after a short time, Grand
National Assembly of Turkey was opened in stead of Chamber of Deputies.
National borders
were approved with assembly. For National Struggle, assembly support was given.
With National Pact, decided to save all country from strangers. Turkish
citizens’ basic rights started to put into words. Mustafa Kemal’s soldier
rights returned back and it gave National Pact was accepted by all World at
Lozan. After the Sevr Treaty, we had only
the black sea and european powers shared our all borders while we lived
in these days. I think, Lozan National Pact, Erzurum and Sivas Congress became
piece of our independence. As a result, somebody not excepted successful way to
National Pact. But I think, it was successful and it manipulate our future.
Negative Effects of National Pact
Arabian
territories were the outside of National Pact boundaries. So, Ottoman lost Musul
and Kerkük. These territories were extortioned with some tricks and lame games.
These territory was named as Mousul eparchies. It includes Mousul, Kerkük and
Süleymaniye starboard. It was controlled by Ottoman while Mondros ceasefire
entried into force. Army that contolled by Ali İhsan Pasha, stopped the English
army’s march and Ali İhsan Pasha’s army secured the Mousul. According to terms
of armistice from this moment, not to make a new militar operation and armies
should keep their positions but English army marched to Mousul and they
occupied the Mousul. Because Ottoman army landed back to not start a new war.
English arm did not get out from the eparchies. After the Turkish War of
Independence, they made some diplomatic pressure for given the territory to
Iraq. Because Iraq was under the Mandate of England. They opposed to a demand,
which plebiscite in the territor and they transferred to subject of League of
Nations even if the member was not Turkey. If there was plebiscite, the
majority of living in Mousul want to stay in independent Turkey in stead of in
under the British Mandate of Iraq. If we look at the negative sides of National
Pact, now, we can realize that we have no boundaries which have been voiced in
those years. Mosul, Kirkuk, Aleppo, Elm, Alexandroupolis, Nakhichevan, Batumi
and lands do not depend on homeland. After death of Ataturk, National Pact that
was declared and controlled by him has not been given sufficient importance.
Even, not to know that how to lose out Aleppo, Elm and Alexandroupolis is an
example of this case. Moreover, also international conflicts of interest and
political games have effects.
The term emerged
that called “Sevres Syndrome” and an understanding which to give wherever they
want to protect boundaries has been said. As an example, 12 islands, Mosul,
Kirkuk, Aleppo, Elm, Alexandroupolis etc. Besides, Arabian people did whatever they want in that
time so we can said that it was a mistake for us.
The Entente
States believed that the National Struggle will end by the closure of the
Ottoman Parliament.
As a result of
pressures, Ali Riza Pasha resigned (3rd March 1920) and Salih Pasha was Grand
Vizier instead of him (8th March 1920)
False news
reports has been spread about massacred of Armenian in Adana.
The Entente States
blamed Istanbul Government about alleged massacre and occupied Istanbul.
The circular
that was published by occupying entente states in Istanbul:
1. Occupation is temporary.
2. Aim of the Entente States is not
occupation, the aim is increasing of Ottoman Empire’s population.
3. Istanbul will be taken from Turkish in
case of rebel in Anatolia or massacre by Turkish.
4. Everyone has to obey orders of Istanbul
which is the center of the reign.
Precautions that
were taken by Mustafa Kemal and protest against to The Entente States after
occupation of Istanbul:
1. Telephone and telegraphic communications
were ended with Istanbul.
2. The officer in charge of the Entente
Powers were arrested in Anatolia in retaliation for the arrest in Istanbul.
3. Railways that located in Nigde Ulukısla
and Izmit Geyye have been destroyed to prevent access of enemy soldiers from
İstanbul and Adana.
4. Removal of British forces from that region
or to disarm of them was agreed in Eskişehir and Afyon.
5. To be taken of money and valuables of
official or private financial institutions that all located in Anatolia was
banned to Istanbul.
Results of
Istanbul’s occupation:
The Entente
States wanted declared that Salih Pasha is against to the National Pact.
Due to
pressures, Salih Pasha resigned and Damad Ferid Pasha was appointed Grand
Vizier instead of him (5th April 1920).
Sultan abolished
the parliament (11th April 1920).
The entente
states distributed parliament.
Some of the
parliamentarians were exiled to Malta.
Parliamentarians
who escaped from Istanbul as soldier, writer and officer came to Ankara and
added strength to fight. Justifiable reason and ambient were prepared for
aggregation of Parliament.
Damad Ferid
Pasha get Sheikhulislam prepared a fatwa against the National Forces and
distributed to everywhere of country.
Also, Mustafa
Kemal provided that not ensure a reaction against to Christian public as
sending telegraphs to all cities and commanders, protested occupation In the
eyes of the embassy in Istanbul, led to that
reversal of a statement of the occupying powers from the telegraph
offices.
Conclusion
As a result,
National Pact have both positive and negative effects. In this context, when we
analyze the positive and negative effects, we could say “Positive effects are
too much than negative effects”. Consequently, National Pact open a way for
Salvation War and raise the nationalis movements. These attemps are beneficial
for Turkey’s situation.
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