Germany Cryptographic Measures Against Espionage

U.S. global espionage activities due to the aching head Alman'y 20 thousand encrypted decided to take the phone. Phone 2 euros apiece
Germany against the government's technical listening prepared to purchase 20 thousand encrypted phone were reported.
American intelligence German Chancellor Angela Merkel's cell phone and listen to many politicians last year after it was revealed that the intelligence measures that increase government in Germany, now uses a new generation of secure phones will be saved.
According to German media reports, the federal government and the 16 state governments, for officials working in sensitive positions with speech data communications to provide secure encrypted phones to buy 20 thousand are preparing.
It will cost about 2 euros each new generation of encrypted phones in Germany Information Technology Security (BSI) were recorded by the study and found to be safe.
Speaking to the newspaper Bild a BSE official, the next generation of cryptographic encryption system used in the phone is highly reliable, it can not be hacked by supercomputers noted.
Germany's domestic intelligence service, the Constitutional Protection Organization (BFV) President Hans-Georg Maassen, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung in an interview, foreign intelligence services, technical listening activity against more serious measures, and should be careful, he said. Maassen, "I recommend greater use of encryption phone. Communication also need discipline. Many things without actually using the phone, face-to-face interviews can be discussed, should be discussed," he said.
Germany is still in the prime minister and the ministry about three thousand officials working in sensitive positions, encrypted using the private Blackberry phones.
Interior Ministry spokesman Dr. Tobias Plata plans to use the encrypted phones are more common when verifying the purchase by the government declined to comment on the planned model.

Anti-coup 98 People in Egypt Have Been Evacuated

After the coup in Egypt, there was a very difficult time. Still struggling for democracy and the Egyptian people are drifting towards extinction there in the middle east. They also executed.But work of the judiciary and the public with the response they got rid of.

Students in Egypt, the sick and elderly, provided compulsory residence consisting of 98 anti-coup was evacuated.
Egypt prosecutor's office detained 98 anti-coup has reportedly decided to parole.
Egypt Prosecutor Hisham Barakat's office a written statement by the different cases under the public property damage, unauthorized demonstrations, violence and weapons possession charges arrested 98 anti-coup compulsory residence provided to evacuate decided.
In a statement the decision to evacuate people from the 45's that other students at the advanced age of 53 or individuals with health problems was noted.
Meanwhile, Cairo Criminal Court, hearing the case, the trial of 68 people 5 people due to attend the hearing adjourned to September 9.

Greek Deputy Prime Minister Pangalos Leave Politics

ATHENS - Greek politics Greek Deputy Prime Minister Theodoros Pangalos colorful personalities has announced he will leave politics. Pangalos, the Greek state television NET participate in a program, which is expected to be made in the country recently said there would be a parliamentary candidate in early elections. In the country today that put the plight of today's politicians, but stated that the extraction of new Pangalos, "That's why I will not choose me the opportunity for the public and will retire from politics," he said.

Pangalos, now 74 years of age is coming, and 32 years in Parliament he served, stating that "in Greek politics drastic changes are needed. These, people-politicians-level personal relationships in one place must end. Folk habit of us can vote. This is why this relationship at what point will end politicians should decide, "he said. In Greece, the country for eight months in 1926 governing dictatorship of General Theodoros Pangalos D. Pangalos grandson, 32-year life of parliamentarian Ministry of Commerce, Ministry of Transport, Ministry of Culture and Ministry of Foreign Affairs worked.

In Greek politics known for his colorful personality and sharp tongue Pangalos, when the economic crisis broke "coins ate together" with the statement drew a large response. Then additional taxes imposed on immovable property "does not have the money you pay for" Pangalos stating that, "I do not pay, let them come and arrest me as saying," was discussed for a long time.

Impacts on Africa of European Colonialism

African continent for centuries has been an area of ​​exploitation of European states. This exploitation only been limited to underground and above ground resources in the field of socio-cultural continent, people have been exposed to exploitation. Of centuries of colonialism on the African continent, even to this day traces of your activities are outstanding.

AHMET ASAN

Karadeniz Technical University, History

European states for centuries has been found in colonial activities and through these activities have achieved great financial gain. As a result of these activities; on one side, richer, and more power their culture and religion is a colony founded thanks to the local community that instills in Europe, on the other hand strong European states eye decision because of avarice poverty, cultural assimilation and slavery in danger of extinction peoples living has emerged.

Exploited for centuries, societies have lost a large part of the natural resources of their own culture as well as to come to the breaking point has experienced the danger of assimilation. Present at the remaining centuries they carry out colonial activities in the field of European states we look at the local culture rather than "European culture" is effective. Today we look at the continent of Africa in the Americas and spoken language and religious beliefs in a tangible way we see it.

Exploited African peoples, rebelled and gained their independence in the face of this situation has lasted a very long until it comes to the middle of the 21st century of European states has continued its effects on Africa. For a long time these societies living under the pressure of European colonial powers had entered a bloody struggle, although late, gained their independence and were able to put a stop to the activities of European colonies.

In this study; Colonial activities, sources with knowledge of the subject in the light, will be examined in two parts, the first part; Colonialism in the birth process, the development stage and will be given information about the colonial state. In the second part; The colonial carrying out the activities of these states, colonial Africa of the activities that have been created on the social, cultural and economic impacts will be discussed.


1 Colonialism
1.1. Colonialism and the Emergence of Development Process

Colonialism, occupation of a foreign land, that land processing and settlement of immigrants there is a term used to refer to. Historiography of Western colonialism started with geographic discoveries of the period. Published in 1991 in his book The History of colonial France with Geographical Discoveries and Explorers of colonial adventures begin with are indicated.

Towards the end of the 15th century was discovered many new places in the world. This discovery together with the world's Europe, Africa and Asia from the western region of the northern region was found to be composed. Portuguese and Spaniards of these discoveries pioneers and explore the area they live in the people put to the sword, and they have precious metals, agricultural products into their countries have transferred, but also the slave trade also brought a new dimension have.

Aware of the existence of new regions with geographical discoveries, the European states that have made trips to areas of indigenous peoples living in the region have started to keep in captivity. As noted above, the European historiography of colonial activities on the basis of Geographical Discoveries That is why placement. Geographical discoveries recognized as the beginning of colonialism, Portuguese and Spanish explorers began with the discovery of this process in the history of mankind has led to the emergence of the bloodiest actions.

Portuguese and Spanish explorers that launched this movement in the later stages of the Netherlands, the UK and France, followed by the state as an introduction to colonial activities and established colonies in many parts of the world. These activities are exploited in the lives of people living in the country has been negatively affected, time away from their culture to be assimilated, underground and above ground in the countries remain deprived of wealth to live in poverty and the absence has caused.

As noted above, the basis for colonial activities, at the end of the 15th century and is based on the geographical discoveries of the early 16th century. During this period, many new places in the world, Portuguese and Spanish explorers discovered the pioneers of this discovery and the discovery of traces of the period was the other major European states have opened a new page in the history of the world.

Together with the results of geographical discoveries, as to why it is important. Made with a desire to explore new places, the main reason for this trip, is the desire to win and desire to be rich. This wealth creating innovations that contribute most to the request, the use of three-masted ship was. Another reason is the desire to spread religion has influenced this request travels. At the beginning of the Middle Ages rather primitive marine science, showed progress from the 14th century. The development of the compass, latitude and longitude calculations done to these developments, as Vasgo Colombe de Gama and Cristofer named equipped caravels used by sailors, with the addition of a large ship was happening now opened the way to the ocean.

All these developments, people's desire to be rich, the desire to explore new places, the first discovery of the movement started and added over time, this article has emerged in our subject colonial activities. In general, the causes of geographical discoveries, Religious and mythological reasons, technological reasons, for economic reasons and other reasons can be examined in four chapters.
Colonialism activities of European states richer and many other regions is dominated by wealthy merchants richer that, while on the other side of this situation, unlike murdered, they have lands, natural resources, life rights taken away. They have destroyed cultural heritage and exploit them once this state of being assimilated forced to adopt the culture of a community are outstanding.

At the beginning of the 15th century they live in themselves capable of dealing with a number of problems, which may be happy with less content with these people who lived in that era unknown continent; At the end of the 15th century European explorers making new discoveries with not only economic losses have, however, social and cultural aspects are also doomed to drift to extinction. In their territory who are unaware of what's happening on the other side of the world that indigenous peoples, along with the discovery by Europeans of their continent for the first time they see these people try to submit to grind, but with were slaughtered along with it. Central America on the continent, the modern Mexican region known as in the Aztecs and South America on the west coast, located today in Peru, known as living in the area of the Incas, located in the regions where powerful empires have established and highly advanced civilization attained a high level.

However, Aztec and Inca civilizations are founded, toward the end of the 16th century discovery of the Spaniards had been done and ended with the massacre. Spaniards, assumed control of the brutal exploitation of these two communities and then in other European states will take place within the period of conquest and occupation was a pioneer, started the current European colonialism.

1.2. Colonial States

15th and 16th Century heavily starting geographical discoveries and these discoveries with ongoing trips mentioned above, as once the colonial policy arises and this policy in the light of activities starting to show European states large colonies established. Spread to the four corners of the world that have gained great wealth through colonial activities and have reached a very wide limits. However, these activities are great as a result of the industrial revolution, with the growing need for raw materials and colonial race before the European internal in the bloody conflicts, colonial wars and later 20th century, the entire world affecting the First World War has caused.

Which is our main subject in this study on the effects of European colonialism of Africa before crossing, the world order, economic, social, cultural effects of colonialism which perform their activities of the state and that it would be appropriate to mention colonial activities.

Portuguese geographical discoveries have initiated the first movement and a pioneer of this activity, has been the chief architect of the Prince Henry. Fascinated by the richness of the East and the spread of Christianity and assumed the mission to defend Henry, as a result of trips made with them and any winnings will be collected is also not far from slaves.

The Portuguese started the first trip in 1419, 50 years have been able to pass over the equator in their journey. In 1487 Bartholomew Diaz going further south, from the tip of Africa's past and here "Cape of Storms" was named. King II. jean changing the name to this area "Cape of Good Hope" was named.

Vasco de Gama, one of the brave sailors of the period, proceeded to Cape of Good Hope in 1497. Continued progress travelers Zambezi, Mozambique and had Zenzib. Trips continued until 1524. On the results of this exploration activities of the Portuguese in general we look; not the land they want to dominate the sea trade, trade of Indian wealth alone to judge whether we see that in the ocean. This eagerly engaged in trade with their permission confiscate cargo ship is also an indication of this.

Historians, the Portuguese Vasco de Gama laid the foundation of the colonial empire as people exhibit. Thanks to the advances mentioned above rapidly rising, the collapse of the Portuguese colonial empire was the rise as quickly and most of the 17th century when the Spanish and Dutch colonies were lost to.

After the introduction to the Portuguese colonial activities, the Spanish are; they receive from the Portuguese neighbors have moved further up the flag, not only to discoveries and their colonial massacres with are pre-empting. As a result of their travels Spanish sailors discovered a new continent, and with the discovery of this continent geographical discoveries peak was reached. Spaniards, Asia and Africa as well as in the territory of the indigenous people living in the newly discovered continent that did not give no importance.
States with the presence of a great civilization, they disregarded the lives of indigenous peoples. Mexico the Aztecs, the Incas of Peru were brutally exploited and under the sovereignty they destroyed these societies. As we noted above, the Spanish discoveries "colonialism" were pioneers in the emergence of the current.

Hispanics as a result of how they have made a discovery they had done, and what have engaged in massacres, Lopez de Gomara, who lived between the years of 1511-1566, Historia General de las Indias is possible to understand by looking at his work. Gomara, his work has included the following statements:

"... Sixty years of conquest during the movement of Hispanics, many new land discovered and the people of the Christian made ​​... What a sublime glory and honor to God and our Spaniards, the Indians only one God, one faith and baptism imposed have ... them human is indispensable for iron use that we teach ... They metals instead of money did not use, but their actual use and the best way to exploit the path it cashed was ... of all this from the bad side, if the room them in the mines, pearl fishing, the transport in use too much because we have not ... "

Considering the testimony of Gomara, Hispanics how hard is the policy of exploitation would not be too hard to understand. "Civilized people" how persecuted they are newly discovered regions, the indigenous people of the region run in quite difficult conditions how they conquered their wealth, their religion and their culture by transferring them, it is obvious that once led to cultural assimilation.

Another shining in the wake of Spanish colonialism European societies, are Dutch. Geography of the Dutch maritime trade and colonial development has made it possible. Towards the end of the 16th century, the king of Spain II. Felib with the power vested in the power of the Portuguese and Spanish are both banned from trading with the Dutch have. As a result of this case was opened new horizons for the Dutch.

In North America, established the city of New Amsterdam. Occupied the southern coast of Brazil. Then they turned to South Africa in Cape Town at the end of the continent were built.

The Dutch had built up a vast colonial empire, a large portion of this empire was located south east of Asia. The Dutch, through their activities, have opened a new era in the world. This period began with them are large troupe is called a period. Dutch rising slightly in maritime trade, thrive, with the effect of jealousy of competitors who want to grow in the 17th century, lost its supremacy and colonial activities in the sea located in the Netherlands and the French took over the British flag.

The British and the French, thanks to companies established in India seized eastern trade and have achieved great economic gain. Not only made ​​in economic activity in this region also has been used Indians as slaves.

Effectively establishing colonies in the Americas, the colonial power, these two have achieved great gains from these regions. Between France and England in order to be a leader in the colonial activities experienced competition and the independence of the American colonies in this competition has played an active role.

The African continent after the 16th century colonial activities of the European states have been exposed. Europe began to be exploited by the slave trade with the continent 1884-1885 Berlin Conference was shared by European powers. The British, dense colonies on Africa is the 19th century when they began to operate. Between the years 1843-1899 the Gambia, Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast, Nigeria, Chad could afford to have. In 1882, the Ottoman Empire invaded and Egypt, which in 1883 had appointed a governor of the region.

In the 16th century under Elizabeth, Walter Raleigh theory of imperialism has proved a kind sea and has summarized this theory with the following words: "who dominate the sea, is dominated by the trade; A judge ruled that trade on the world's wealth, so the world will judge. "

Raleigh's revealed this thesis forms the basis of British colonialism and the British from the 16th century acted in this direction. By the 19th century, as mentioned above in the Berlin conference of African territories, shared between the European powers, after the impact of British colonialism in Africa has increased. England, India trade with to ensure safety in this region of Somalia to seize on behalf labors, and finally in 1886, Somali elders of the tribe with his treaty with the northern region completely under the sovereignty took. Africa, the Berlin Conference was shared with the British took the lion's share. The basic strategy of the British in this century can be summed up in these words: "If you do not capture the entirety of a country divide, divide and rule." British 19th Century As we look at their policies clearly seen in this case.

African, French, and subjected to raids in the colonial part of the continent for a long time remained under the control of France. Napoleon's famous commander of the French in 1798, is located in Egypt was occupied by the Ottoman administration.
French, the invasion of Egypt purpose, the Mediterranean and the far east of England to break the influence, far east of the road seized the power in the region was to be effective. After the Berlin Conference which enhances the activity in the region as a colony of France's most influential colonial Senegal can show. France in 1895, Senegal has made an official colony. France, Senegal colonial activities have evolved differently than in other regions. Senegal, economic investment in the region has been one of the most performed.

Introduction to the Germans in the 19th century colonial activities have been. Berlin conference on the African soil for the de facto be shared with Africa attack even gained momentum Germans, industrialized and Europe strengthened as a state rivals than colonialism late in the race have stayed also his impact colonialism race a quick introduction to have done it. In 1884 this day was occupied by the Germans in Tanzania. Thereafter, Germany, German South-West Africa and the Gulf of Guinea in this day Namibl seized in Togo and Cameroon.

As can be seen, beginning in the 15th century colonial activities, the European states and the most important source of income has come to symbolize their power. They have a great power through colonial reaching these states in themselves and between competing colonial conflicts have occurred. Exploited regions affected from these activities only in the economic sphere, religious, social, cultural assimilation have lived in the area. The emergence of colonialism and in this section we refer to the development process, we have discussed on the basis of economic colonialism. In the second part of our article, which is our real issue of the impact of colonialism on Africa will try to examine.

2 Colonialism EFFECTS ON AFRICA

2.1 Social Impacts

Africa, starting in the 15th century with the discovery motion, especially after the discovery of the Cape of Good Hope is acquainted with European colonialism. Local people living in Africa, from this period used as slaves by European countries and the Europeans, they are looked at as a revenue stream to the slave trade of the region people have their lives turned upside down.
They enabled the Portuguese slave trade in Angola is only one of this region. From the middle of the 16th century slave trade gained momentum in this region, before the locals who work in the sugar plantations in the region later in America who were sent to other Portuguese colonies. Colonialism, African people on the negative effects, one of the institution of slavery for many years throughout the continent of the people, as a goods trade made ​​as a result of people's persecution to pull free life deprived of their rights to remain caused.

Slavery in European society is the main reason why it is so common that the Europeans themselves are superior vision. Viewpoint discrimination among people of European society has set world politics. Africa, the "black man", the centuries-old European "white man's" separatist viewpoint the exploited its natural resources, in addition to the free right to life in deprived and as a goods trade as the material is used. This is a discriminatory point of view; settled understanding of modern society, which is also going on today where the so-called civilized level. African people, are still exposed to ill-treatment or even discrimination. Somalia, Liberia, Uganda today are exposed to discrimination mentioned are just a few of the African countries.

Colonialism, Africa has a negative effect on how much distant time left to understand that there is no need to go to. Where the people of Africa in today's economic situation, living in poverty and hunger will be sufficient to look. Geographical having a fairly fertile soil of the African peoples, they have the majority of underground and above ground resources in the region continued colonial domination for a long time has been lost to the European powers.

These days, the world of peace, brotherhood talk about Europe, not so much follow a century ago, the predatory policy of ignoring the world is supposed to give a message of peace. However, with an understanding of the past colonial era full control of the region it operates in Europe, with the understanding that today's modern colonial activities are opting to ignore. Our era of slavery understanding of the 19th century is different from, but outlook unchanged, "the black man" second-class people to be seen as ongoing and a European citizen, perhaps drinking a cup of coffee that pays money also spend hours working prisoners are released. It gives a message of peace to the world as a result of the understanding of modern day slavery is occurring.

2.2 Economic Impacts

Africa, the colonial activities as a result of exposure to refer to economic problems, mentioned in the previous section we need to consider the institution of slavery would be the place. Operated for centuries as slaves, bought and sold continent of people struggling for a long time to get rid of this situation has given. The freedom to live decently win gave the name as a result of this struggle, albeit difficult, and have established their own independent state in Africa.

Africa, a continent rich in natural resources, although for a long time that the exploitation by European powers, the continent's natural resources that have not been used by local people. As a natural consequence of this situation failed to industrialization of African countries, was unable to provide the domestic capital circulation and with it investment in key sectors such as education and health care has not.

As we noted earlier, with the industrial revolution in search of raw materials entering the European countries have flocked to the African continent and have exploited the wealth of the continent. Who exploit the region's natural resources "Modern Europeans", where today the people of Africa in poverty, despair, were the main cause of hunger.

Today the vast majority of the African people, are living in poverty. This is one of the most painful consequences of colonialism. While many people point to starve the people of Europe the contrary, part of the economic crisis lived a comfortable life in general is ongoing.

Africa as a result of the economic hardship experienced by people in the health sector has not invested enough, and with it to show the beginning of health problems in the region, a high prevalence of infectious diseases has become inevitable. In this case, the only reason for the people of Africa to Europe is based on our perspective. Today, the world of peace and brotherhood to mention the inhumane practices in the past they trying to cover something else is not.
Colonialism, economic effects on the people of Africa and the continent also continues today many of the people condemned to live on the edge of hunger in a way, while other parts have been given the desperation of hunger, death awaits. European colonists gave up philosophy as stated in the previous section of this philosophy today is to maintain vitality.

With cheap labor, ongoing understanding of colonial and African people forced to work for a dollar logging is allowed. This approach is different from colonialism and modern colonialism, as discussed in "Imperialism" is named. imperialism; Unlike colonialism, rather than a simple accumulation and seize, take, and this domination domination bound to create forms of knowledge. As the understanding of modern colonialism, imperialism could mention, along with the ongoing colonial understanding and people under difficult circumstances at present, is to work long hours. Due to the economic situation in which they are forced to work under these conditions is living in the African human desperation.

2.3 Cultural Influences

As a result of colonialism, African people, not only in economic and social fields have also encounter problems in terms of cultural loss is suffered. Starting with geographical discoveries in the region to recognize the activities of the European states, only exploit natural resources, people have been using it as a slave at the same time they go to areas they have taken in their culture and their religion. In this way, by making a kind of assimilation of local people try to make you become attached to them and have made ​​plans to exploit the long-term.

These days we look at countries in Africa, gained independence in colonial areas exposed to currents of the people, which was established in the states we see that common European languages​​. French and English are widely spoken in the region. Europe, these people not only natural resources but also the exploitation of their culture and laid the groundwork to be assimilated. Present at the effects of technology with their influential television programs with their own language and disseminate policies which are still alive in Europe, these studies as a result of African newborn many children from their culture away from the European culture and beliefs according to the catching is preparing the ground.

Colonialism on the African continent has been a further effect on the religion. Sent to the region as a result of the intense activities of missionaries and supporting these activities with the help of associations between people of African Christianity has spread. Regional spread of European culture over time, conflicts on the European continent that existed between the people of this region carried it. Each European country with the Berlin Conference to share their culture have spread in the region and as a consequence, the people on the African continent between the culture clash has occurred.

Languages ​​and religions that make up the basic methods of European colonialism in Africa and African people also showed the effect of the influence of European culture once entering the colonial powers would have provided the environment in which you want. Self-touted as a civilized society of Europe who, in many parts of the world to implement its policies on Africa and look at the results we have also been successful. The people of Africa, their culture, religion, language and culture of the region to stay away from paved the way for the destruction of the.

the result
Europe, the geographical discoveries started with colonial adventure in every period developed overgrown and European states to develop, while the contrary exploited people living in the economic, cultural and social areas to decline from their culture break and Europe to adopt the culture has caused. European colonies as well as the regions where his policies have been generally the same as a priority and people were assimilated detached from religion and language.

European states implemented these policies in other parts of the world, the African continent and the continent in the same way people have walked away from their own culture by day, came under the effect is of European culture. European colonial policy which had been implemented, "Civilization" concept under the shelter are trying to demonstrate in a different context. Europeans brought civilization to the region and suggests that they go, they have achieved civilizing Contrary to the existing civil areas gave rise to the accumulation of extinction.

Exploited sections of Africa today, and he also tries to heal the wounds of colonial exploitation of propaganda with the help of the so-called European future state, which is in need of help. Heavily dominated by European culture in Africa, we look to the language spoken European language we can say that a judge of the continent. In the same way also occurred in Africa and people of the exploitation of religion was Christianized. Too many people living in today Africas Christian is felt on the impact of European culture.

Our hopes for the people of Africa to heal the wounds, hunger and misery that exists in the region following the end, people are living under better conditions. Undoubtedly, for the realization of wishes, thoughts away from the humanitarian point of interest is required. African countries, primarily to get rid of this situation are required to invest in training. External threats, better educated society can take obvious precautions should be kept in the forefront of education in the African. Nevertheless, Africa, industrialization should also be given importance and should avoid being dependent on outside. Thus, continents, people will have the chance to live in more favorable conditions.

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Pope: I beg Wars Stop Now !

Papa Francesco Catholic Church, the spiritual leader of the Israeli-Palestinian and Middle Eastern countries such as Iraq and demand an end to the conflict in Ukraine asked.

Sect among the most likely having the Catholic Church's spiritual leader, Papa Francesco, Israel-Palestine and Iraq, the Middle East countries and Ukraine experienced in end to hostilities towards, "With all my heart I beg, I beg you now stand with the words" urges.

Papa Francesco, in St. Peter's Square at the Vatican performs with the participation of thousands of people at the Sunday Angelus prayer, prayer for world peace reiterated. In the Middle East and Ukraine clashes pointing to the Argentine spiritual leader, "God, that area of the public and officials, all disputes overcome for dialogue, negotiation and compromise with a determination to peace in the determination walking for wisdom and strength give," he prayed.

"Do NOT WAR NEVER AGAIN"

LOST EVERYTHING that war, peace will not LOSE NOTHING SHOULD BE REMEMBERED mentioned that the PAPA, said:

"Dear brothers and sisters, not war, Never Again! Especially life expectancy, future destroyed, dead, wounded, crippled, orphaned, playing on the ruins of war, and I think children who do not smile."

"I beg you, STOP"

The Pope expressed his right hand after picking up the sound of the increasing violence, "I beg you, stop it, I would ask with all my heart. Longer dwell time. Please stop now," he said.

Tomorrow the First World War, the outbreak of the 100th anniversary mentioning that the Pope, "Tomorrow this drama to remember a day of mourning will be. These tragic events as you remember past mistakes are repeated to lessons from history taking I wish," he said. 78-year-old leader, not of personal interest to the center of the decisions taken, the common good and respect for each individual that should be added.

Kadyrov, U.S. President Barack Obama and the EU to ban the entry of executives brought in Chechnya.

President of Chechnya Ramzan Kadyrov, has prepared a list of sanctions in retaliation for EU sanctions. In the list of names of persons who reported that Chechnya was refused entry.


Kadyrov, his Instagram account, "My dear friends," he began message around the world in Afghanistan, Libya, Syria and Iraq, and recently witnessed the tragedy in Ukraine continued by stating that:


"Democracy exports under the shape there civilian people, women, the elderly, killing children, cities, places of worship ravaged. All of this directly from the United States and the European Union are responsible. These countries, the leaders of the countries and peoples directed against state terrorism. Mostly Muslim blood is flowing. Today, the U.S. and the EU against me and sanctions imposed in retaliation for I read a list of sanctions to prepare decided. this list of U.S. President Barack Obama, EU Commission President Jose Manuel Barroso, European Council President Herman Van Rompuy, the EU's Foreign and Security Policy High representative Catherine Ashton and European Parliament President Martin Shculz ranks. "



Ramzan Kadyrov, the freezing of their accounts and assets that give instructions for entry to Chechnya from July 27 announced that the ban.

U.S. : We Stay alone still defend Israel

U.S. State Department spokesman Marie Harf, "As we have repeatedly stated earlier, we are telling you bluntly; off alone in defending Israel in the international community," he said.

U.S. State Department spokesman Marie Harf the daily press briefing, the UN Human Rights Council, Israel's attack on the decision to establish a commission of inquiry was also asked. Why is the U.S. voting against the establishment of such a commission of inquiry to be directed on that letter, said:

"One-sided. Human Rights Council special session today and we strongly opposes the decision, the Council biased against Israel as we see the last of a series of actions. That you specify, such as the establishment of such a mechanism are located across the street, because this one-sided. Nobody here does not refer to Hamas rocket. Nobody, outside of Israel, offered to look at something else here, I repeat; that are opposed to unilateral decision. "

The U.S. is the only country that voted against the resolution, while on reminder letters, abstained from voting in 17 countries in Europe, he said. Letter, "As we have repeatedly stated earlier, we are telling you bluntly; We will defend Israel in the international community off alone. Did you see that, "he said.

Reduced Aircraft by Missiles

Malaysia Airlines' passenger aircraft to be shot down with a missile similar events in Ukraine have been lived before. 

Amsterdam - Kuala Lumpur Malaysia Airlines' passenger aircraft engaged in flight in the airspace of Ukraine was shot down with a missile. 

Previously experienced a similar event after the event has been translated into eyes. 

The events of war and conflict regions where passenger aircraft using the airspace of the threat faced by the show. 

In recent history the events of aircraft missile shot down as follows: 

September 2, 1998: in Angola fighting against the government of Angola's National Union for the Independence of complete (UNITA) organization, in the northeast of the country has lowered the Antonov-26 type military cargo plane, 24 people on board died. 

September 21, 1993: Georgia where the Abkhaz separatists fighting against the government, in Suhumi off the heat sensitive missile fired from a boat, Tu-134 type aircraft struck. 25 people died in the plane, the attack has claimed. 

September 22, 1993: Georgia, the Georgian capital, Tbilisi Tu-154 aircraft carrying soldiers, Suhumi was reduced when driving to the airport, where many people died Abkhaz separatists has claimed responsibility for the incident. 

July 3, 1988: Iran-300 passenger plane belonging to Airlines, U.S. warships in the Persian Gulf has been reduced to a missile launched from Vincennes, 290 people on board died. Passenger aircraft mistakenly identified as attack aircraft was allegedly. 

August 16, 1986: Sudan Airways aircraft belonging to the town of Malakal in Sudan shortly after taking off from the militants fighting against the government sprang up from where it was shot down with a missile, 60 passengers on board died. 

February 20, 1986: Iraq war planes, leading to the Iranian capital Tehran, Iran Ahwaz Airlines' aircraft attacked from the air explosives killed 49 people on board. 

September 4, 1985: Afghanistan Airlines' AN-24 aircraft after takeoff from the city of Kandahar in southern Afghanistan shortly after the missile was shot dead 52 people on board. 

November 8, 1983: Boeing 737 departing from the city of Lubango in Angola has crashed shortly after tipiuçak, 130 people on board died. UNITA, claiming that the plane hit a missile, the government argued that the aircraft's hull due to the fault falls. 

September 1, 1983: Korean Airlines Boeing 747 type aircraft, Soviet airspace near Sakhalin Island after the end of Soviet aircraft was shot down by 269 people on board died. 

May 3, 1982: Two Iranian fighter planes from the Greek Cypriot side in the Iranian capital of Tehran flying aircraft attacked Algiers, the Algerian Minister of Foreign Affairs also found among the 14 people on board died. 

February 12, 1979: After takeoff from Kariba in Zimbabwe, who fought against the government reduced uçaktaki48 people were killed by militants. 

20 April 1978: France's capital of Paris to the South Korean capital, Seoul, Korean Airlines Boeing 707 aircraft deviated from the orbit and in the Soviet Union lead was cut by a Soviet fighter aircraft. Fighters opened fire on air pressure loss occurring icebound lake has made ​​a forced landing, two passengers were killed and 13 people were injured. 

February 21, 1973: Israeli fighter planes forced to land belonging to Libyan Airlines plane that fired, hit by falling into the Sinai desert killed 106 people on board. 

July 27, 1955: Paris-Tel Aviv El Al Israel Airlines aircraft engaged in flight, fly into Bulgarian airspace after a missile was lowered to 58 people on board died. 

Source: Agencies

dunyabulteni.net'ten alınmıştır. 

The Number of Dead Rise to 1,030 in Gaza

Following the introduction of 12-hour truce in Gaza bodies in the wreckage began exploration work on the corpse of Gaza reached 130 so far. Issued along with the number of dead bodies was increased to 1030. 

With the start of a 12-hour cease-fire in Gaza corpses were being removed. The former Palestinian government in Gaza continued the task of de facto Ministry of Interior, under the debris since the start of the ceasefire announced that 130 bodies had been removed. 

Gaza this morning at 07:00 from the 12-hour humanitarian truce began to be valid has been decided. Cease-fire was implemented in the morning. Gazans began later curfew. 

On the other hand officials in Gaza destroyed by Israeli attacks on water supply began to repair electrical lines. Health teams and humanitarian aid teams stepped up its work. This study began with the work of debris continues. In the search for the wreckage has been reached so far 130 bodies were reported. 

The former Palestinian government in Gaza continued the task of de facto Ministry of Health spokesman Dr. Ashraf al-Kudra, "As of the start of the temporary cease-fire as a result of Israeli attacks that killed at least 900 people, six thousand people are injured," stated. The bodies unearthed in 1030 together with the number of dead rose.

The EU has expanded sanctions against Russia

Taking a new decision of EU sanctions against Russia only for people making new additions to the list for the first time on the list of Russian companies took. More than fifteen Russian and Ukrainian freeze bank accounts, banned from entering EU countries. Thus the number of sanctioned individuals rose to 87. In addition to the list of 9 and 9 different organizations have been added to the company. Trade between EU countries banned them.
Rights enforcement actions taken in the name of individuals and organizations that will be published today in the Official Journal reported. So the decision will enter into force. Of economic sanctions against Russia are also expected to come. At the end of this month, Russia's EU economic sanctions in case of non-compliance with the demands of the reportedly could begin.
EU sanctions will be determined by the foreign ministers, military, financial areas, with both military and civilian purposes as well as covers used goods. Precision products related to technological products and energy sectors will be taken into the scope of the sanctions. In order to take this decision by EU foreign ministers in Brussels need to come together.

Muslim Brotherhood in the U.S.

After the coup in Egypt by Sisi brought into the goal of the Muslim Brotherhood (Ikhwan) to be taken by the United States to the list of terror.
U.S. House of Representatives declared a terrorist organization in the Muslim Brotherhood has presented a bill. By Michelle Bachmann Republican lawmaker Foreign Affairs, Financial Services and Justice Committee presented separately in the bill dated 5194, the Muslim Brotherhood organization in connection with or groups deliberately providing material support or resources to be brought to foresee sanctions.

All seven members of the Republican Party MPs in Parliament who signed the bill, according to U.S. law, "the Muslim Brotherhood, to be called foreign terrorist organization meets the criteria" specifying, are to be excluded from the list of terrorist organizations.

In the U.S., individuals or some groups linked to the Muslim Brotherhood earlier had been taken to the list of sanctions, but sanctions in Congress attempts to contain the Organization as a whole are found for the first time.

Brief Overview of the USSR and II. World War USSR Technology

Soviet communist views and approaches of its own to keep within the 15 countries in and around China, strategically important countries like Bulgaria and also was attracted to his side. The Soviets imposed their system to those countries in the international arena, both material was kept in position by supporting ally.

Communism Karl Marx and Frederich Engels's intellectual fathers of German philosophers and scientists, and they are known as. If we take the theoretical communism themselves with my Mentioning "commodity production based on private property instead of the end of capitalist society is the fact that the communist society." Infrastructure and superstructure manages to get hold of communism in several different ways so we know. But so unpopular in Germany this event Vladimir Lenin (Бладемир Илич Ленин) has adopted and carried out twice in 1905-1917 at the end of the rebellion, and rebellion is a system imposed and entered into force. Period of the international conjuncture will be taken As a matter 1917 Ottoman North East an important part of the army engaged in wars that affect the subsequent prompts in Turkish Foreign Policy (TDP) you want in the world of international system plays very important role a government establishment is important. It is important because the Soviet Union (Союз Советских Социалистических Республик) in Europe, France and England in the coming period the United States to be the dominant power in the region and around the world have been prevented has brought a sense of brakes and balance. So Kenedy Waltz sees the front of the system rather than a single or double pole switch to a multi-polar system is of importance to the country.

Soviet communist views and approaches of its own to keep within the 15 countries in and around China, strategically important countries like Bulgaria and also was attracted to his side.

The Soviets imposed their system to those countries in the international arena, both material was kept in position by supporting ally.
In particular, these and similar efforts during the Cold War are seeing increased. Strategically self Cuba (Cuba) are geographically close countries such as the U.S. containment policy was carried out by its allies. However, the example cited Turkey's rapprochement with the United States know. Place U2 crisis and the U.S. missiles in Turkey would supply similar events.

After a general introduction that brought Lenin and can go into the details of that system.

The first uprising 1905te v.i.l while organizing the troops and tried to take this work with high incision is have simply not been successful with the signing was a great success. Namely, the period in Czarist Russia (Царство Русское) Tsarism right to stay in a really important issue rebelled. Also know to get the support of people in the house would have seen a couple of important factors. In 1917 we also "Bolshevik Revolution" (Октябрьская революция) we know as the revolution while performing a very important step forward the party's name proportional to make a change and the change of the period as the population with the greatest part ie Christian farmers and workers proselytize causes. V.i.l the 'realism in what they say and promise if you look from the window as well as assuring both business and sheltering their ideas and thoughts easily be led to the acceptance by the base or was. After a certain stage before the establishment of Soviet citizens to be pleased and very large factories, and other business areas in the Soviet citizens were pleased opened. Later in the war industry, and the state was seen of their needs. We see them, especially before World War 2 Germans on rocket technology with a cutthroat race begins. However, the establishment of the SB TDP concerns very closely. Bresk with Litovsk treaty that will determine the fate of the war as well as shutting down the eastern side of Kars and Ardahan is given back to the Ottomans. However, when entering the war with the Soviets pulled Tsarist Russia in the 1st World War the Ottoman Empire was supported in both material and weapons. How should we interpret this?
Normally not complicated at first glance. Fight of revolution because of internal relations by signing a peace treaty was a completely different dimension. Soviet general policy has its own system of promotion and impose especially Lenin during the extreme obvious that the Ottoman therefore also be installed later a Turkish state, proximity to show recognition and its allies, if not at least neutrality towards earning the needs to be addressed.



One the other hand MoH concerning the establishment of an important issue that should be discussed there.

V.i.l sat on the steps to this system you must have seen the inside is completed preparations armament and especially the army has given importance to strengthen the system. The military said in a faster and more easily dispatch the military to know too, especially railways, especially the Black sea, in the Caspian Sea, Siberia and the great ocean ports will be prepared. Sea, land, air, and especially after 1930 became more important submarine power as the ever evolving SB opposite both in Europe as well as go go power to the winners and forward-looking transoceanic impartiality expediency last U.S. will be uncomfortable in the SB against the containment policy and economic measures 're taking. Lenin's death, Stalin the Soviet Union in 1922, becoming the head of the Communist Party leader rises to the MoH. Georgian-born of Joseph Stalin (Иосиф Виссарионович Сталин) to deal with the arrival of Lenin period ends and a completely different speed and size has been paving the way in the development of SB.

Longer period as Lenin's revolution slogans across the world not as a priority in the Soviet trying to set up their own system. Largely as a result of this policy are also effective in the sense that power against Germany and the United States officially recognized the Soviet Union in 1932 without going over to the League of Nations (Лига Наций) is acceptable.

Let's talk about Lenin's MC policy in this regard. That followed Lenin and Stalin and the USSR during both systems have sought to impose on the world. For this, each platform had very good reviews, especially in international platforms. MC means that the USSR no longer accept a system and recognition of the worldwide spread of Communist meant. But for the realization of Lenin during his era "all over the world revolution" slogan, but primarily in Moscow and in Russia until troops came 1.pl Lenin's "all over the world revolution" at the thought of leaving edilmemişse relatively depreciated.

U.S. liberal democracy rose to the position of Leader of the Socialist and Communist sb who proclaim the power of democracy is. So the two poles of the system (Kennedy Waltz), we see the first steps. U.S. SB want to know not and yet in the short term in an extreme way emerging technologies, in terms of WW1 too heavy with the conditions, despite 56mily dollars to be paid as war reparation Daves plan with 36 billion dollars downloaded and installment, despite all the soldiers demobilization and many when it comes to 1918-1930 despite difficulties, especially in Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933, accelerated by an alliance against Germany was ready for any kind in the region. This was an opportunity for the Soviets and was very well evaluated. MC introduced in both the U.S. was able to enter both. In this period of technological collaboration between the Soviet-German rocket and missile tests have taken place began to be made. Vladimir Artelyev have done that, especially smokeless powder has been the hallmark of research on the period. Established in the street in Moscow Tikenskiy spell has been converted into a laboratory research center, chemist and physicist by providing special conditions of Soviet scientists were brought around. But no money, and citizens of the country to trade with currency gains tax when these things just would not work. 1925 was the turning point of the period of the laboratory, the laboratory has now moved to Leningrad. And in 1928 was carried out in this laboratory test shot. Frequently we hear the name Michael Tukhachevs later an assistant in the laboratory has undertaken the task is a military officer. Assistant rocket industry is more and seeing the great future self is developing in this direction. During this period, the partnership between the two states is a technological everything is shared openly, Germany and the Soviet seriously're arming. In Berlin in 1928, "women per month," he was taken even a movie. In 1932, a breakthrough in Soviet economic and Tukhachevs no longer carried the Red Army reached the level of militarization of the person responsible for. In 1932, it organized a meeting of the Soviet Union by any future rocket industry giants together in one place the laboratory experiments and about flattering a speech technology further in order to move forward in world history first, and for a period of one that Rocket and Missile research and technology related to the university's foundation laid. Rector of the university and among the founders Ivan Klimyonov knowledgeable about these issues and the first scientist in lab trials have also found themselves. And the future of this university Katyusha (Катюша) rocket launchers and the first prototypes were produced. But you have trouble firing from the ground if given the complement of aircraft speed and the actual production of a weapon of war by that we know. At the same time a.hit came to power in Germany and immediately after the re-election by getting other parties to defuse the advancement of technology has given impetus to the perfect. Period of the international conjuncture As a matter of SBA Germany no longer cooperate with the decided against because it was Germany's ultra-nationalist rather racist behavior, damage from a possible SB has 15 countries, formed by the merger of a formation because it is a multinational state and nationalist movements are from know that abstinence has worked. In this context, the German-Soviet relations and joint projects carried out gradually to cool the dominant power in Eurasia stopped rising rapidly reverse the two countries has decreased. April of 1937 in London wearing the crown of Georg V and 1 May 1937 to have a mole in the party is arrested Tukachevskiy wandering discourses.

Without going over on the universities and the industry is not only rocket and weapons at the same time lead the research units established on the gun or even a lot less easy to change and long-range bouncing bullets were produced. During this period, particularly glowing Kostikov Andrey is one of the names. This will be the complement of Katyusha scientist working at the university, although askeriyeyl locate in close contact with people is one of Stalin's trust. In August of 1938, not one by one rocket with a greater number of research has begun to fire Katyusha in the results of these studies will be finalized. Ivan thinks Gvay Kostikovl started developing this idea and become successful at. In the same period, the Far East, the Japanese again to strengthen their unity and have prompted further studies to move forward. But resist the Red Army does not have the capacity and technology. Russians during the war and a lot of 12 Japanese bombers destroyed by aerial bombardment of Japanese cities would. But unexpectedly Kostikov and his team are distancing from the university. Cause still unknown.

Celebration in December 1939 when the entire country was to maintain its own model Kostikov sends to college. He wants to draw the attention of Stalin. And be successful at. Draws the attention of drug abuse. (Совет Народных Комиссаров СССР Kamunitet / public committee). War in the 3rd week of a.hit 's troops have come up to SMOLENSKII. In the city of Osh (Kyrgyzstan borders Uzbekistan current) is being developed Katyushas quickly to the battlefield. 14 July at 15:15 hours I began to attack while they Katyusha.

That a very large number of casualties of the German army is fired. Russian special gunpowder rockets producing both power and extend the range of casualties which contains all the labs begin to gain importance in Leningrad. Which assumes a positive air also brought Katyusha Soviet army after a short time of recovery. Period the U.S. leader Winston Churchill makes an alliance with SBI. How should we interpret it. ?
We need to know first transatlantic two states away from the MoH

Strengthened the dominant power in the region and to the level of importance in Eurasia step across the ocean to an upcoming t annoy the U.S. media. If you remember the above spelling least now you know there is a point located in the SB, and the relations among the United States is not in a good level. So why a country with such a national consciousness sit at the same table with the MOH question whether he knows to come to mind. I got to know this as a priority in terms of realist and idealist thought, even if we What we will see is this:

German is progressing very sturdy and able to bring about the end of the MoH MoH Communist threat, so both the U.S. and all over the world would disappear. But this such absence and SB 1943 As the Germans jets as the progressive period with SB a possible approach in terms of having a voice, both in world history to carve a niche request, their own individual interests to justify itself voluntarily with the MoH same table sits in the United States. In this connection the German Army is removed and is divided by walls made ​​in Berlin, Germany. Before the outbreak of 2.savaş saldırmasızlık agreement between Germany and SB imzalanmıştı.ned area was very clear in eastern Europe because Germany is staying and SB limit. A large part of the German army for the war from outside the country would eliminate any possible threat has been made to SB. SB 1941 borders and violating the agreement saldırmasızlık in a very short time has been occupied as far as Moscow. However, the period superior German technology even there is not much dayanamaz.b incident, another important historical point throughout history, from the Mongols after the second race as the Germans Moscow doors have seen happening (the Mongols of Genghis Khan during the Eurasia fully occupy). Following the successful completion of the SB bright recovering World War 2 period starts. Each sector will attract the attention of the world and is now the dominant power in the Soviet They represented themselves in every field.

Soviet was a closed box. Nothing could be imported from outside are not taken. They use everything in their own manufactures and. Kazakhstan and Ukraine, the breadbasket of the Soviet Union, Turkmenistan's natural gas, oil of Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan, and each country produces cotton sektörleşerek or anything like that by producing just one and the Soviets would distribute them all over Moscow. During this period, the United States and the Soviet faced in almost every field, and had entered into the race. Which is described as the cold war era has begun for the Soviet period, though it will eventually come to an end with the dissolution of the Soviet Union. United States appears to be developing nuclear technology even in Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan, the Soviets have tried have also showed that the same technology. War industries of both countries, especially in developing engineers of the two giant power against a possible war weapons depot was busy FULL. Kennedy is precisely this period Waltz tells the bipolar system. Has two poles and foremost, every country is forced to choose sides. NATO (OCД = Организация Североатлантического договора) too much of Turkey's importance for Turkey in the south west of Soviet strategic importance from every angle. Straits of self-possession, the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea coast is very large and so many other aspects of the U.S. and NATO in particular has attracted the attention. Soviet really troublesome situation. Present in the territory of Ukraine borders the Black Sea across Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan, there is indeed increases the importance of Turkey's neutrality. However, accurately assessing Turkey's conjuncture of the period is receiving support from the United States. More robust compared to the period of Lenin and Stalin took steps SB and systems management to the whole world to have introduced himself to the joy and pride with the advances in technology also manages to come to the fore.

The first astronauts into space and improvements in air force thoroughly fueling the race between the U.S. and Sb. But even her down everything properly does not necessarily have troubles. Gorbachev came to power with the MoH's impossible not to see the end coming. Gorbachev's relations with the EU and expansions by the peoples of the EU and as a great leader and MOH Although SB is distributed in 15 countries formed after the reaction to reverse pass in front of the matches will not cause. SBA will include major changes to the period after. U.S. dominant position and with the coming superpower will also increase the importance of the EU and NATO established against SB blogs by getting yourself a new vision will be that way. The MoH is important to note the presence of supply in the world has an important role in ensuring the balance. Although there are many misconceptions of the system of education, law, arts and achievements in the economy can not be ignored. Today, we saw the most simple of examples To give you a thousand years the same soil that share the Cons and the Kurds today suffers from each country more folks Considering that many of the nation suffered from sharing the same environment that we witness. Exploitation in the name of ideology as the language has all the disadvantages of the single-party system has seen a stable economy and workforce and yet has managed to achieve.

These as well as against it did not exceed a number of events. For example, during SB hardly a hardship would be reflected in the media because when the public news agencies and units of state public wants to know what it would show. However, the Meskhetian Turks from SB to disperse indistinguishable from the genocide that erupted after relocation Whether you get Fergana disaster after the collapse angry-Uzbek ethnic clashes that erupted in 2010 is a pointer to something. Although based in the People's authoritarian system could integrate peoples. Especially in 1941, Akhaltsikhe From (ახალციხე, Akhaltsih A-Georgia) 24 July 1944 state defense committee in charge of Berliya Stalin wrote to the USSR to Turkey on the border of Turkish population is sitting, and that the population in Turkey with relatives smuggling and similar unsubstantiated claims that he wrote with in the eventuality of type 81b from Akhaltsikhe to pressure the family to evacuate their home in 2 hours DPs and survival were 42 thousand people at the last stop. Aset Abkhaz and are in the same geography as Acer autonomous republics like small ethnic groups while recognizing the right to preferential treatment because they are just as TURKISH social state, a democratic state and the Soviet Union, who lost a similar nature are talking about. Not just limited to the Nagorno-Karabakh is an issue that must not be forgotten. USSR during the current piecemeal located on the western Azerbaijan in the Armenian Tsar Peter the Great's last will and testament, in a sense, considering that the fulfillment of the evolution of the Russian Tsarism use a phrase like the shape we know.

And after the period of Soviet Leninl necessary to compare
 Lenin's revolution will take place all across the globe is mentioned
 With the coming of Stalin abolition of this idea exactly importance to the establishment of domestic unity and the system has shifted to oturtturul
 Lenin and the establishment of the first Soviet Referring to the period in which management has been created entirely of Jews (and others in Toçi)
 L launch in the next period is not as active as before became still have a say in management. (Stalin was born in Gori Georgian although his wife was Jewish)
 Lenin's Soviet Communism did not want to recognize the state of the world as a threat because they are self-communist propaganda in their own country will easily be able to spread (the defense of workers' rights, anti-imperialist vision, equality and the like)
 International conjuncture with the requirements of the Stalin era before the MC has been recognized in the United States after being diagnosed.
 German army is the only country to withstand the subsequent excessive prestige in the international arena will provide them.
 Assembly Referring to the time period and is distributed in the world in terms of foreign policy has been a lot of innovation.
 period not publicized outbreak in verse wave of nationalism and racism can be felt well after the USSR disintegrated level has increased to
 center of the USSR in Moscow-Russia USSR because they scatter countries remain in misery because of all the warehouses was in Moscow. Azerbaijan's oil to Natural Gas of Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan's cotton, Kazakhstan there was flour situation worse than the rest of the country. Advantageous because Azerbaijan to Turkey and the Turkish Red Crescent benefit more from the nearest country which holds the distinction of being the country.

The UN has decided Hundreds Dead After Investigation

UN Human Rights Council, Israel, July 8, the earth began to indicate that in order to stop the rocket launchings in the Gaza operation started an international investigation of human rights abuses agreed to.

UN Human Rights Council recently, East Jerusalem, and especially in the Gaza Strip, including the occupied Palestinian territory the international human rights and humanitarian law relating to all violations to investigate here an independent, international commission of inquiry be sent urged a proposal was submitted. UN Human Rights Council endorsing this proposal today in Gaza decided to investigate human rights violations.

Start 12-hour cease-fire in Gaza

Yesterday, Egypt's capital Cairo, U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry and UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon recommended 12-hour truce, was accepted by Israel and Hamas. Israel, today at 8:00 in the morning has confirmed that the ceasefire began.
The Israeli army, during the period of ceasefire Hamas tunnels continue to be disposed of ferreting announced. Israel, the money would be made available to potential missile attacks.

For a cease-fire by the Foreign Ministers of Turkey and Qatar have released a joint statement. Was given to the following statements:
"Foreign Ministers of Turkey and Qatar, the Gaza ceasefire for humanitarian purposes 12 hours are very pleased. In addition, this call also welcome the adoption by Hamas immediately. Have been negotiated between the parties and to achieve a sustainable ceasefire UN, U.S. and other international partners work with all our strength again in the direction we reaffirm our will. "

On the other hand, to the south of the Gaza Strip, the Israeli air strike last night, eight Palestinians were killed in the 4 children. Thus, Israel launched attacks on July 8, the number of Palestinians killed since reached 879. On the Israeli side in the conflict and 35 soldiers and three civilians died.

ANALYSIS OF RUSSIA-USA INTERACTIONS IN CAUCASUS SINCE 2001

SELÇUK AYDIN  

ANALYSIS OF RUSSIA-USA INTERACTIONS IN CAUCASUS SINCE 2001

When the Bush administration came to power in 2001, the main foreign policy goals of USA continued in the Caucasus. These goals can be summarize as; conflict resolution, democratic and economic transformation of region countries, access to the Caspian energy resources and energy transportation corridor of Caucasia.

After the 9/11 attacks, USA’s approach to the Caucasus has changed. In Afghanistan War, South Caucasus, especially Azerbaijan and Georgia ,was a passing point for USA army to Afghanistan. If we look at the position of Russia in this case, we can say that Russia was willing to cooperate with the USA on this issue. Because, in first years of Putin, Russia has seen Taliban, with other words the radical Islamism, as a threat to his own security both in Central Asia and Caucasus. Also USA has need this cooperation as much as Russia, because in Central Asia and Caucasus Russia was dominant power, so without the consent and help of Russia ,war in this region could not achieve to success so easily. So we can say that 2001, was cooperation year for both countries, in some degree.

But this cooperation was not so durable. Because the USA has tried to increase his influence and power , after this date in the Caucasus. Especially after 2003, USA has seen that Russia was successful in recovering his power at least as a regional power. For prevent Russia’s future expansion as a more great power. USA has tried to cut Russia’s way with some methods. If we look at this methods, we can say that the USA has tried to promote democracy in region countries and with this way develop his relations with region countries. For example USA’s effort to reconcile Armenia and Azerbaijan is a result of this democratization movement.

Other way of USA to gaining influence on region was ‘’coloured revolutions’’, for example in Georgia’s coloured revolution, Saakashvili which is pro-western politician and strongly wish to bring his country under the roof of NATO.

Also , USA had tried to increase his influence , with the military cooperation of region countries, especially in Georgia we can say that USA has armed and modernized Georgian army in high amount. Of course it was very threatening thing in the eyes of Russia.

Other way of USA was the support to construct alternative pipelines. As we know after the 2000s, Russia, with his energy resources and energy pipelines, has made Europe and Caucasus dependent to himself. If we look this energy situation in Caucasus perspective, Georgia was dependent to Russia for import his energy and Azerbaijan was dependent to Russia to sell his energy. So to increase his influence in region, USA had to solve this energy dependency of these countries. It was very unacceptable point for Russia, because as we know Russia’s main policy on energy is to become hegemon on energy both producing and delivering. Alternative pipelines could undermine the Russia’s this energy policy.

The competition between Russia and USA has shown himself totally in 2003.In this date, there was Iraq war and unlike Afghanistan war, Russia did not support USA’s invasion of Iraq. Because Russia was very uncomfortable about the USA’s increasing movements in Caucasus against the Russia. Hegemonic movements of USA in countries which are defined by Russia as apart of outer circle security of Russia, was very disturbed attacks to the Russia’s security and interests.

Especially the NATO expansion in the post –Soviet states was very offensive for Russia. Especially Russia had clearly explained that membership of Ukraine and Georgia was completely unacceptable for Russia’s interest, in 2007.

In this date, Russia’s appearing as great power again, has reach his peak point. Russia’s break up from CFE in 2007 is a important example that shows Russia has wanted to increase his power and improve his position in his region as a great power. Russia has clearly defined that it will not accept USA’s global designs. Russia has canceled CFE because, Baltic states were not in CFE and it was create unbalance against Russia also explain that it was impossible for Russia to obey this agreement especially in Caucasus.

In 2008, there was a important event that great break point in Russia-USA interactions. In 7-8 August 2008, Georgia had attacked to the South Ossetia .But in five day, South Ossetia, Abkhazia and Russian forces has repelled Georgian army and entered Georgian cities, Poti and Gori. Russia has recognized South Ossetia and Abkhazia and Russian soldiers has located to Abkhazia and South Ossetia.

Now, let us look at the subtext of this event. Firstly, this war is heavily related with Georgia’s desire to enter NATO. Actually, this war can be seen as not only a war between Georgia and Russia, but also a war between USA and Russia. This war is show place that Russia has shown that he has the capability of Great power and does not afraid to use this power. With this war Russia has sent a message to European countries and ,especially to USA , that Russia will not accept this new type of containment policy that is made by NATO and aim the prevent Russia’s appearing as Great power again. Because Georgian army was armed, trained  and modernized by USA. So in the body of Georgia, Russia  has hit USA actually.

With that war, NATO has started to be more cautious in his plans of enlargement and plans to site missiles to Czechoslavakia and Poland has abandoned. So in one perspective, Russia has proven himself as a great power in the eyes of Western world .Also recognition of South Ossetia and Abkhazia can be understand in two different ways. First, Russia with these recognitions may tried to retaliate Kosovo’s recognition by USA. Second, Russia may tried to divide and decrease Georgia’s power, because in the eyes of Russia ,Georgia ,especially under the leadership of Saakashvili, is a puppet of USA , so decreasing Georgia’s power is decreasing USA’s power in Caucasus.

With the Obama’s came of power in 2009, USA has revised his policies against the Caucasus.USA has started to focus on economic cooperation with region states, and military cooperation become a second place. The membership of Georgia to NATO is not in agenda of USA as much as before, after this date. But now economic cooperation of EU with Georgia, in a matter of energy pipelines especially, has gain importance. So USA still try to keep Caucasus under his influence but unlike from Bush period, the way of doing this is more economically rather than militarily.

As a conclusion, since 2001, while there is a little cooperation period between 2001-2003, USA –Russia interactions has mostly based on rivalry on Caucasus. Policies of these two power on Caucasus, mostly about the decrease opponent power, and increase their own power.

Türkiye'nin Su Sorunları

Türkiye'nin Su Sorunları

Su, canlıların yaşamları ve diğer gereksinimleri için ihtiyaç duydukları temel besin maddesidir. Suyun ekonomideki rolü canlıların var olmasındaki rolü  kadar önemi haizdir. Dünya’da ve özellikle bölgemizde kişi başına düşen su miktarının hızla azalması, sınır aşan suları, gerginliklerin ve uluslararası ilişkilerin merkezine taşımış bulunmaktadır. Türkiye ve özellikle Ortadoğu ülkeleri için suya olan ihtiyaç azami seviyededir ve bu ihtiyacın şiddeti gelecekte daha da artacaktır.

Türkiye Cumhuriyeti bir takım projeler üreterek var olan su kaynaklarını daha verimli kullanmak, gelecekte yaşanması muhtemel su sıkıntısına yönelik önlemler almak ve bölge ülkelerine su ile barış götürmek istemektedir. Bu bağlamda ortaya konan Güneydoğu Anadolu Projesi (GAP), temelde Güneydoğu Anadolu  Bölgesi’ni kalkındırmayı ve ülke ekonomisine katkıda bulunmayı buna ek olarak Ortadoğu ülkelerinin su sıkıntısını önemli ölçüde gidermeyi amaçlamaktadır.

Dünyadaki toplam su miktarı 1.4 milyar m3’ tür. Bu suların %97.5’i okyanuslarda ve denizlerde tuzlu su olarak, %2.5’i ise nehir ve göllerde tatlı su olarak bulunmaktadır. Bu kadar kısıtlı olan tatlı su kaynakların ise %90’ı kutuplarda ve yer altında bulunmaktadır. Tüm bu koşullar göz önüne alındığında ise su uluslararası ilişkiler literatürde giderek önem kazanan bir yapıya bürünmüştür. Son zamanlarda, çevre başlığı adı altında inceleme alanı bulan Su Politikaları ayrı bir başlık olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Yani giderek önem kazanan bir pozisyon halini almaya başlamıştır.

Bu makalede su politikalarının komşu ülkeler nezdinde oluşturduğu siyasal baskılar üzerinde durulurken, yapılan karşılıklı veya çok uluslu antlaşmalarla karşılıklı yaptırımlar üzerine inceleme yapılacaktır. Özellikle Türkiye’nin jeopolitik konumu itibariyle içinde bulunduğu kargaşalı ortamda bu durumu aşmasının veya en azından sıkıntı yaratmamasının önüne nasıl geçileceği hakkında önerilere yer verilecektir. Son yıllarda artan terör sorunu nezdinde ele alınacak olan Türkiye-Suriye ilişkilerinde özellikle Atatürk Barajının yapılması neticesinde başlayan sıcak sürtüşmelerin neden ve sonuçları ele alınacaktır. Tüm bu değerlendirmeler neticesinde ise çözüm önerileri sunulacaktır.

KÜRESEL ÖLÇEKTE SU SORUNU

Su sorunu en genel tanımıyla rekabetçi piyasa ekonomisinin küreselleşmesi, ivme kazanan endüstri, tarım ve hizmet faaliyetleri, artan dünya nüfusu ve nüfusun giderek büyüyen oranda kentleşmesi ve gittikçe daha fazla su ve enerji tüketmeye dayalı yaşam biçimlerinin yaygınlaşması gibi insan faaliyetlerine bağlı değişimlerin dünyanın su kaynakları üzerinde doğrudan ya da dolaylı yarattığı baskıların bütünü olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Bu sosyal-ekonomik değişimler fiziksel değişimleri beraberinde getirmekte ve dünya su kaynakları hızla  tükenmekte ve kirlenmektedir. Ayrıca su kaynaklarının tükenmesi, suyun hem günümüz ile gelecek nesiller arasında hemde günümüz toplumları ve bireyleri arasında adaletsiz bir paylaşımın nesnesi olmasının önünü açmaktadır. 

Herkesin son derece yakından tanıdığı Birleşmiş Milletler (BM) su politikalarının küresel ölçekte dönüşümünü sağlayan önemli bir kurumdur. 1972 yılında Stockholm'de düzenlediği Çevre ve İnsan Konferansı'nda insanın hürriyet, eşitlik ve yeterli yaşam koşulları sağlayan onurlu ve refah içinde bir çevrede yaşamasının temel hak olduğu vurgulandı ve bu konferansta alınan bir kararla 5 Haziran günü Dünya Çevre Günü ilan edildi. BM'in 1977 yılında yaptığı Mar del Plata Su Konferansı'nda ise içme suyuna erişimin bir insanlık hakkı olduğunun altı çizildi. Bu bağlamda gelişmekte olan ülkelerde sağlıklı suya erişimin sağlanması ve su kaynaklarının korunması çerçevesinde Türkiye'nin de aralarında bulunduğu pek çok ülkede 1980-1990 yılları arasında sektöre ilişkin yatırımlara öncelik ve hız verildi. Neo-liberal anlayış çerçevesinde suyun kamu hizmeti niteliğini ortadan kaldırarak, su yönetimini çokuluslu su şirketlerinin eline vermeamacı bulunan  küresel su politikaları özellikle 1990’lı yıllardan itibaren çok uluslu şirketlerin desteklediği küresel su platformlarında şekillenmeye başlamıştır.[1]

Dünyadaki toplam su miktarı 1.4 milyar km3 olmasının yanında kullanılabilen su miktarı sadece 35 milyon km3 tür.(UNEP 2007) Bu miktar mevcut su yapısının kırkta birine tekabül etmektedir. Su sektöründe özelleştirmeye karşı olan görüş, suyun bir kamu malı ve sağlıklı  suya kavuşmanın temel bir insan hakkı olduğundan hareketle, diğer ticarete  konu olan mallardan farklı nitelikler taşıdığını savunmaktadır. “Su tarifelerine”, suyun temini ve arıtılması gibi alt-yapı yatırım maliyeti ile işletme-bakım giderleri dışında, su hizmeti sunanlar tarafından ticari amaçlarla “kâr” unsurunun eklenmesinin, toplumun fakir kesimlerinin suya ulaşımını güçleştireceği vurgulanmaktadır.  Nitekim su yenilenebilir bir kaynak olmadığı için bu konunun istikrarlı ve kararlı bir şekilde ele alınması gerekmektedir. Bu çerçevede dünya ülkelerinin su kaynakları ve kişi başına düşen su miktarına göre kategorize edilmesi gündeme gelmiştir. Fakir veya gelişmekte olan toplumlarda, fakir kesim gelirine oranla büyük miktarda su ücreti ödemektedir. Ancak bu yüksek bedel ilk bakışta açıkça görülmemektedir. Kentsel nüfusun tamamı su bedeli ödemekte ve fakir kesimler için bu bedeli ödemek dışında bir seçenek bulunmamakta ve yıllık gelirlerinin yüzde 5’i ile yüzde 10’nu arasında bir ödeme yapmaktadırlar. Gelişmiş ülkeler ile karşılaştırma yapıldığında bu ülkelerde orta gelir grubunun altındaki fakir kesimler için aynı oran yüzde 1 ile yüzde 3 arasında değişmektedir. Ekonomik Kalkınma ve İşbirliği Örgütü/Organisation for Economic Co-operation and  Development (EKİÖ/OECD) ülkelerinde su için ödenen bedel hane halkının  yıllık gelirinin ancak yüzde 1’ine karşıttır. Nijerya’nın Onitsha bölgesinde ise  bu oran yıllık gelirin yüzde 18’ine ulaşmaktadır.[2]

3. NEO-LİBERAL POLİTİKA SONUÇLARI

Özel sektörün yatırım, işletme ve bakım giderleri karşılığında bir getiri (kâr)  beklemesi doğaldır. Ancak gelişmemiş ekonomilerde toplumun geniş kesimleri o kadar fakirdir ki; makul ölçütler içindeki su tarifelerini bile ödemeleri mümkün olmayabilir. Belirtilen durum özel sektör için çekici bir ortam olmayıp, ticari riskleri büyük ölçüde artırmaktadır.

Afrika kıtasında özelikle Sahra-altı bölgedeki kent nüfusu çok fakir olup, bu  kentlerin önemli bir bölümünde projelere dayalı içme suyu temini ve kanalizasyon sistemleri bulunmamaktadır. Tanzanya’daki Dar es Salam gibi bazı büyük kentlerde şebeke tesislerinin işletme ve bakım hizmetleri ile yenileme çalışmaları, mali kaynak yetersizliği nedeniyle 30 yıldır yapılamamaktadır.

Uganda Ulusal Su ve Kanalizasyon İdaresi Başkanı William Muhairwe’nin, “Özelleştirme bir seçenek olarak düşünülmüyor mu?” sorusuna verdiği cevaplardan bir bölüm; aşağıda aynen aktarılmaktadır:[3]

…Kampala’da 1997–2004 yılları arasında iki yabancı özel firma ile tecrübe yaşadık. Bu firmalar sistemin bakımı, su kullanımlarının ölçümlenmesi, su ücretlerinin toplanması ve kaçak kullanımların azaltılmasından sorumluydu. Alman firma başarılı olamadı ve sözleşmesi bittiğinde yenilenmedi. Fransız ONDEO  Şirketi, 2002-2004 yılları arasında hizmet verdi. Ancak özelleştirmeye gerek  olmadığına kendileri karar verdi ve bu firmanın uzmanlarından birisi bana,  “Kanaatimce bizim tecrübemize ihtiyacınız yok ve şayet paraya ihtiyacınız varsa  bankaya gidebilirsiniz, bizler banker değiliz” şeklinde beyanda bulundu. Yatırım  için para vermeye istekli değildiler… Gerçekte talepleri, yönetim ücretlerinin iki  katına çıkarılmasıydı. Ancak bu isteklerinin karşılanması mümkün değildi. Hü- kümeti ve yardım kuruluşlarını bilgilendirdik ve bize özgü bir modeli denemek istediğimizi belirterek destek sözü aldık… İşletme hizmetlerini özel sektöre verebilirsiniz ancak altyapı hizmetlerinde çok dikkatli olmalısınız. Eskiyen boruları değiştirmeniz gerekiyor. Özel işletmecinin bunu gerçekleştirmek için elinde su tarifelerini artırmak dışında bir seçeneği yok. Birçok durumda vatandaşların sosyoekonomik durumu tarife düzenlemelerine imkân vermiyor ve bu husus özel sektörü ilgilendirmiyor. Sonuç olarak; su ulaştırmamız gereken toplum kesimleri bu  tarifeyi ödeyemiyor… Yabancı kökenli özel işletme şirketleri Afrika ve Asya’da dolaşıyor. Test edilmemiş ideolojiler ve görüşlerin peşinde koşamayız…

Sonuç olarak; içme suyu sektörünün özelleştirilmesi günümüzdeki ideolojik tartışmaların dışında ihtiyatla yaklaşılması gereken bir konudur. Su sektörünün özelleştirilmesi tartışmaların odağında yer almakta ise de, dünyadaki  nüfusun ancak yüzde 5’ine özel sektör eliyle su ulaştırılmaktadır. Toplumun;  suyun herkesin ortak olduğu, korunması için müşterek sorumluluk  taşıdığı  anlayışından kopması ve sıradan bir ticari meta niteliği taşıdığı anlayışına yönelmesi ciddi bir risk yaratabilir. Bu bağlamda düz ve basit bir mantıkla tamamen ekonomik verimlilik üzerine odaklanmış bir yaklaşım, sürdürülebilir kaynak kullanımı kavramı ile de çelişecektir.

TÜRKİYE SU KRİZİNİN NERESİNDE ?

Türkiye’de yıllık ortalama yağış 643 mm olup, yılda ortalama 501 milyar m3 suya tekabül etmektedir. Bu suyun 274 milyar m3’ü toprak ve su yüzeyleri ile bitkilerden olan buharlaşmalar yoluyla atmosfere geri dönmekte ve 69milyar m3’lük kısmı yer altı suyunu beslemekte, 158 milyar m3’lük kısmı ise akışa geçerek çeşitli büyüklükteki akarsular vasıtasıyla denizlere ve kapalı havzalardaki göllere boşalmaktadır. Yer altı suyunu besleyen 69 milyar m3’lük suyun 28 milyar m3’ü pınarlar vasıtasıyla yer üstü suyuna tekrar katılmaktadır. Ayrıca komşu ülkelerden ülkemize gelen yılda ortalama 7 milyar m3 su bulunmaktadır. Böylece ülkemizin brüt yer üstü su potansiyeli 193 milyar m3 olmaktadır.

Yer altı suyunu besleyen 41 milyar m3 de dikkate alındığında, ülkemizin toplam yenilenebilir su potansiyelinin brüt 324 milyar m3olduğu ortaya çıkmaktadır. Ancak günümüz teknik ve ekonomik şartları çerçevesinde, çeşitli amaçlara yönelik olarak tüketilebilecek yerüstü su potansiyeli yurt içindeki akarsulardan 95m3, komşu ülkelerden yurdumuza gelen akarsulardan 3 milyar m3 olmak üzere, yılda ortalama 98 milyar m3 olarak hesaplanmaktadır. 14 milyar m3 olarak hesaplanan yer altı suyu potansiyeli ile birlikte ülkemizin tüketilebilir yerüstü ve yer altı su potansiyeli yılda ortalama 112 milyar m3 olup, 44 milyar m3’ü kullanılmaktadır.

Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TÜİK) 2030 yılı için nüfusumuzun 100 milyon olacağını öngörmektedir. Bu durumda 2030 yılı için kişi başına düşen kullanılabilir su miktarının 1.120 m3/yıl civarında olacağı söylenebilir. Aşağıda daha detaylı bir şekilde incelenecek olan su sıkıntısı çekmeye aday olan Türkiye için ciddi bir tehdit olarak göze çarpan bir durum içöinde olduğumuz aşikardır. Ve bu çerçevede kapsamlı bir su politikası oluşturulması gerekmektedir. Mevcut büyüme hızı, su tüketim alışkanlıklarının değiştirilmesi gibi faktörlerin etkisi ile su kaynakları üzerinde olabilecek baskınları tahmin etmek mümkündür. Ayrıca bütün bu tahminler mevcut kaynakların 20 yıl sonrasına hiç tahrip edilmeden aktarılması durumunda söz konusu olabilmektedir. Bu sebeple Türkiye’nin gelecek nesillere sağlıklı ve yeterli su bırakabilmesi için kaynaklarını çok iyi koruyup, akılcıkullanması gerekmektedir.

Su konusu son yıllarda uluslararası gündemin üst sıralarında yer almaya başlamıştır. Suyun dünya kamuoyunun ilgisini artan bir biçimde çekmesinin başlıca nedenleri arasında nüfus artışı, hızlı şehirleşme ve sanayileşmenin yol açtığı su ihtiyacı ve iklim değişikliği yer almaktadır.[4] Tüm bu durumlar göz önüne alınarak su kaynakları politikamız, suyun ülkemizin ekonomik ve sosyal kalkınması, su ve gıda güvenliği açısında önceliklerimiz, AB ile tam üyelik müzakereleri, bölgesel gelişmeler göz önünde bulundurularak oluşturulmakta ve değişen koşullara göre gözden geçirilmektedir.[5]

Tüm bu endişeler göz önüne alındığında Türkiye’nin başlatmış olduğu projeler çok önem kazanmaktadır. Ve bu kapsamda yapılan en akılcı projelerden birisi olan GAP olduğu dikkatlerden kaçmamalıdır. Ancak bu durum iyi idare edilmediği zaman özellikle başta Irak ve Suriye olmak üzere tüm Orta Doğu ilkeleriyle ilişkiler gerginleşebilir. Öyle ki İsrail bile Türkiye-Suriye ilişkilerinde suyunöncelikli başlık olmasını istemekte ve mevcut olabilecek bir anlaşma neticesinde Golan Tepesinin mutlak hakimi pozisyonuna bürünecektir. Tüm bu ayrıntılar göz önüne alınıp akılcı bir çözüm yoluna gidilmelidir.

Uluslararası su hukuku henüz oluşturulma aşamasındadır. Su konusu bugüne kadar kabul edilen uluslararası sözleşmeler daha ziyade sınıraşan su kaynaklarının yönetimi ve korunmasına odaklanmıştır. Suyu tüm boyutlarıyla ele alan küresel ölçekte kabul gören uluslararası bir sözleşme bulunmamaktadır. Sınıraşan sular nedeniyle ortaya çıkan uyuşmazlıklardan bazıları

·         Lanoux Gölü( Fransa-İspanya)

·         Columbia Nehri(Uruguay- Arjantin)

·         İndus Nehri(Hindistan-Pakistan)

·         Colorado ve Tijuana Nehirleri (ABD-Meksika)

·         Çad Gölü ve Havzası (Kamerun- Çad- Nijer- Nijerya)

·         Nil Nehri( Mısır-Sudan)

Tek bir nehir halinde denize dökülen Fırat ve Dicle Nehirlerinin tek havza*[6] oluşturduğu genel kabul görmektedir. Genel olarak kabul gören anlayışa göre bu iki nehrin sularının kıyıdaş üç ülkeye yeteceği öngörülmektedir. Unutulmaması gereken bir husus olarak göze çarpan bir husus vardır ki devletlerin bekasını sağlayabilecek niteliktedir. Gıda güvenliği. Üç ülkede bunu öne sürerek GAP yapılaşmasını yorumlamaktadır. Bu tartışma ortamında Özal hükümeti son derece akılsız ve mantıksız bir çözüm önerisinde bulunmuş ve kabul görmüştür. Bu konulara aşağıda detaylı bir şekilde değinilecektir.

Fırat ve Dicle nehirleri sadece üç kıyıdaş ülke arasında bir mesele olmak çıkmış ve AB gündeminde girmiştir. Öyle ki AB Komisyonunun 6 Ekim 2004 tarihli Etki Değerlendirme Çalışmasında, Orta Doğu’da su sorununa gelecek yıllarda önemi artan bir konu olarak AB’nin gündeminde önemli bir yere sahip olacağı kaydedilmiştir. Orta Doğu’ da su önümüzdeki yıllarda artan biçimde stratejik bir konu haline gelecektir. Türkiye’nin AB’ye katılımıyla birlikte su kaynakları ve altyapılarının(Fırat ve Dicle ağırlıklı olarak kastediliyor) uluslararası yönetiminin AB için önemli bir mesele haline gelmesi beklenebilir.[7]

TÜRKİYENİN SU POLİTİKALARI

Türkiye’nin 1965 yılında Keban Barajı’nın inşaatına başlamasıyla beraber Fırat-Dicle havzasında aşağı kıyıdaş konumunda olan Suriye ve Irak’tan tepkiler yükselmeye başlamıştı. Yukarıda yüzeysel bir şekilde bahsetmiş olduğum gıda güvenliği tehdidine karşı gayet makul sayılabilecek tepkilerdi bunlar. Çünkü bölge ülkeleri zaten su sıkıntısı çeken ülkeler olarak göze çarpmaktadır. Bu ve bunun gibi( yukarıda bahsedilen nüfus artışı, yanlış kullanım vs.) faktörlerden dolayı gıda güvenliği tehlikeye giriyordu. Su konusunda bölgemizi ve Türkiye’yi konuşacaksak eğer, bölgemiz kişi başına düşen su bakımından dünyada en az suyun düştüğü bölgedir. Kuzey Afrika ve Ortadoğu bölgelerine göre iyi durumda olan ülkeler Türkiye, Irak ve Lübnan’dır. Genel anlamda baktığımızda, Irak işgal edilmiş durumdadır, Lübnan ise İsrail’in her an yukarı doğru çıkıp Litani nehrini topraklarına katacak şekilde bir hareket yapabilme olasılığının sıkıntısı içindedir. Türkiye bölücü terör örgütü sorunu yaşamaktadır. Bölücü terör örgütünün faaliyetlerinin yoğunlaştığı dönemi incelediğimizde, 1980’lerde Atatürk Barajının yapıldığı tarihte terör örgütünün faaliyete geçtiğini görmekteyiz. Bu durum bir tesadüf değildir. Terör örgütünün faaliyeti o zaman ki Suriye hükümeti tarafından, Suriye Cumhurbaşkanı Hafız Esat tarafından desteklenmiştir.[8] Atatürk barajı’nın inşasının bitirilerek dolumunun ve GAP’ın devreye girmeye başlamasıyla birlikte, 1990’larda söz konusu tepkiler doruk noktaya ulaşmıştır. Öyle ki; Suriye PKK terör örgütüne açıktan olmasa da gizliden gizliye desteğini sürdürmüştür. Öcalan Şam’ da konaklamakta ve PKK terör örgütleri Suriye topraklarında eğitilmekteydi. Bunun elbette ki birkaç nedeni vardı, ama başlıca ve en önemli olanı GAP; eğer ki faaliyete geçerse Suriye’nin su alamama korkusu vardı ve bu öyle hafife alınacak bir konu değildi. Suriye Türkiye’nin başına terör örgütünü bela ederek bu projeden vazgeçirmeye çalıştı. Türkiye ise bu dönemi büyük bir başarı ile yürüttü. Gerek finansal, gerekse inşaat faaliyetlerini sürdürdü. Ama bunu yaparken Türkiye dışarıya şu mesajları da verdi. Su tutma safhasına gelindiğinde de göreceksiniz biz size sıkıntı yaratmayacağız. Ayrıca, biz iyi niyetimizi ortaya koymak için size birkaç öneride bulunalım. Üç aşamalı olarak, su envanterini yapalım, toprak envanterini yapalım ve uygun bitki dizaynını çizelim ve bu topraklarda Suriye, Irak ve Türkiye’de sudan toplu olarak faydalanılacak bir ortam hazırlayalım. Bu maalesef hem Suriye hem Irak tarafından kabul edilmedi. Bunun dışında Özal’ın barış projesi olarak da anılan Akdeniz’den akan Seyhan ve Ceyhan nehirlerinin tutularak bu suyu bir doğu hattından ya da batı hattından Ortadoğu’ya taşıyama fikri de sunulmuştur.[9] Açıkça görülmektedir ki, Türkiye bu süreçte gayet makul ve mantıklı bir proje yürütmeye çalışmıştır. Bu kapsamda yürütülmeye çalışılan her türlü projede ortak bir hareket etme kaabiliyeti ne yazık ki sağlanamamıştır.

TÜRKİYE’NİN SU POTANSİYELİ

Türkiye halk nezdinde her ne kadar su zengini bir ülke olarak kabul edilse bile durum tam tersine bir durumdadır. Falkenmark 1989 yılında oldukça elverişli bir indeks çıkartarak su sorunu çeken ülkeleri ele almıştır ve vardığı sonuçta:

-kişi başına düşen su miktarının 1700 m3 ‘ ten fazla olan ülkeleri su sorunu olmayan ülkeler

-kişi başına düşen su miktarının 1000-1700 m3 arasında oynadığı ülkeleri su sıkıntısı olan ülkeler

-kişi başına düşen su miktarının 500-1000 m3 arasında oynadığı ülkeleri su kıtlığında olan ülkeler

-kişi başına düşen su miktarının 0-500 m3 arasında oynadığı ülkeleri ise mutlak su kıtılığı olan ülkeler olarak nitelendirmektedir. Türkiye ise bu durumda su sıkıntısı çeken ülkeler kategorisine girmektedir.

Günümüz şartlarında Türkiye’de 95 milyar m3 olan yüzey suyu potansiyelinin %29’una tekabül eden 27.5 milyar m3’ünden yararlanılmaktadır. Bu suyun sektörel paylaşımında %74 ile tarım ilk sırayı çekerken, %15 ile evsel kullanım ikinci ve %11 ile de endüstri sektörü üçüncü sırada yer almaktadır. Burada gözden kaçırılmaması gereken bir başka nokta ise suyun sektörel dağılım yapısının gelişmekte olan ülkeler ile benzerlik atfetmesidir.

Türkiye’de toplam 26 su havzası yer almaktadır. Bunlar Meriç-Ergene, Marmara-Susurluk, Kuzey Ege, Gediz, Küçük Menderes, Büyük Menderes, Batı Akdeniz, Antalya, Burdur Gölü, Akarçay, Sakarya, Batı Karadeniz, Yeşilırmak, Kızılırmak, Konya, Doğu Karadeniz, Seyhan, Asi, Ceyhan, Fırat, Dicle, Doğu Karadeniz, Çoruh, Aras ve Van’dır. Bunlardan altı tanesi sınıraşan ve sınır oluşturan nehir kapsamındadır. Havzalar değerlendirilirken taşıdıkları su potansiyelinin yanında çevresinde yerleşmiş bulunan insan sayısının da çok önemi vardır. Zira çok az su potansiyeline sahip bir nehir su zengini çok fazla su taşıyan bir nehir ise su zengini bir ülke olabilmektedir. Türkiye’deki havzalar taşıdıkları su potansiyeline göre incelendiğinde: [10] Marmara, Küçük Menderes ve Asi havzalarının su bakımından fakir, Sakarya, Yeşilırmak, Kızılırmak, Meriç, Gediz, Akarçay, ve Konya havzalarının fakirlik sınırına yakın ve diğerlerinin de kısmen zengin olduğu görülmektedir.

Türkiye’nin 26 havzası içinde yer alan Van Gölü, Tuz Gölü, Eğirdir Gölü, Hazar, Ilgın, Beyşehir, Manyas, İznik, Simav, Ulubat, Burdur ve Nemrut gölleri doğal göller olmakta ve diğerleri de yapay göller olarak kabul görmektedir. Tüm bunların yanı sıra sayıca fazla olarak kabul edilebilecek olan göllerin yanlış kullanım ve atık sorunu nedenleriyle giderek etkinliğini kaybetmekte ve 1987 ile 2005 yılları arasında bile kapladıkları alan bakımında 1/3 oranında azalmıştır.

TÜRKİYE DÜNYA SU KRİZİNİN NERESİNDE?

Dünya’da ve Türkiye’de fiziksel varlığı göz ardı edilmeyecek boyutlara varmış ve gün geçtikçe daha da göze çarpar bir hale gelmiş olan su sorunu yaşanmaktadır. Ancak bu her ülkede aynı oranlarda olmamakla birlikte yaşanan su krizleri benzer bir boyut kazanmaya başlamıştır.

Bolivya Cochabamba’da su kaynaklarına ‘temiz ve erişimi kolay su sağlama’ vaadiyle el konulan insanların hikayesi ile  Güney Afrika Johannesburg’ta şebeke suyu hizmetlerinde öde-kullan(paran kadar kullan) sistemine geçirilen insanların hikayesinin çıkış noktaları aynıdır. Brezilya’da yerli ve yabancı sermaye işbirliğinde, ormanlar ve geleneksel insan toplulukları ortadan kaldırılarak yapılan ‘yeşil enerji’ kaynağı biyo-yakıt tarımı sanal su yoğunluğu yüksek bu bitki türü su kaynaklarını hızla tüketmektedir.- da benzer bir noktadan çıkmıştır. Suyun yanlış kullanımının sonucu olarak Aral Gölünün yüzde 80 oranında küçüldüğünü, gölün küçülmesiyle birlikte sudaki tuz oranının arttığını, tuzlanmadan dolayı birçok balık türlerinin neslinin tükendiğini ve rüzgârla dağılan tuzun tarım alanlarını kullanılamaz hale getirdiğini anlatan Prof. Dr. Sencer İmer, yok olmanın eşiğinde olan Aral Gölünün kurtarılmasına yönelik çalışmaların acilen uygulanması gerektiğini vurgular. Bunun için bölge halkının en önemli geçim kaynağı olan pamuk yetiştiriciliğinin yerine daha az su ihtiyacı olan alternatif ürünlerin ekilebileceğini söyleyen Prof. Dr. Sencer İmer, Aral Gölünün su kapasitesinin artmasıyla birlikte tuz oranının düşürülebileceğinin ve böylelikle toprağın verimliliğini azaltan tuza karşı önlem alınabileceğinin altını çizdi.[11] Dünyanın çeşitli yerlerinde benzer şekillerde başlayan ve gelişen bu insan-doğa ilişkilenme biçiminin Türkiye’deki uygulamaları da bahsi geçen ülkeleri aratmayacak kadar olumsuz etkiler yaratmaktadır. Ne yazık ki, önümüzde bu kadar olumsuz örnek varken Türkiye su politikaları konusunda aynı hatalara düşmeyi göze almış ve almaya devam etmektedir. Mesela HES’ler özünde mantıklı bir proje olmakla birlikte yanlış uygulama alanlarında uygulandığında doğayı tahrip eden bir canavar haline dönüşmektedir.

Türkiye uluslararası arenada bile su fakiri kabul edilen Orta Doğu ülkeleriyle karşılaştırıldığında bile su zengini olamayacak bir ülke olarak göze çarpmaktadır. Nitekim gelecek yıllardaki nüfus artışları da göz önüne alındığında Türkiye’nin su politikalarını mantıklı bir şekilde yürüterek milli benliğinden vazgeçmemesi lazım gelmektedir. Milli Güvenlik Kurulu(MGK) 2023 Su Stratejisi toplantısında ele alınan konu başlıkları bu tezi savunur niteliktedir. Gelecekte Orta Doğu’da suyun petrolden daha öncelikli bir savaş nedeni olacağına vurgu yapılan toplantıda, Türkiye’nin 2040 yılında Suriye ve Irak gibi şiddetli su kıtlığı sorunu yaşayacak ülkelerin hedefi haline geleceği vurgulanmıştır. Bu güvenlik sorunuyla başa çıkabilmek için Fırat-Dicle Havzasının önemli derecede verimli kullanılması gerekliliği öne çıkarılmış ve olabildiğince çok baraj ve HES yapılması gerekliliği vurgulanmıştır. Bu havzada tamamlanmış olan Yusufeli ve inşası devam etmekte olan Ilısu barajları örneklerinde yaşanan uluslararası baskının benzerlerini yaşamamak için, Türkiye’nin bir an önce bu havza üzerinde etkin çalışmalar yapması tavsiye edilmiştir. Veysel Eroğlu buraya yapılacak olan barajlarla birlikte PKK terör örgütünün konuşlandığı yerler su altında kalır ve güzergahları istenildiği taktirde su altında bırakılabilir sözleri de, yapılması muhtemel çalışmaların ülke savunmasına da önemini vurgular niteliktedir. Tüm bu gelişmeler nezdinde Türkiye’nin tüm olumsuzları göz ardı ederek Fırat-Dicle Havzasını etkin kullanması gerekmektedir.

TÜRKİYE’DE SU KAYNAKLARI YÖNETİMİ

Türkiye’nin su kaynakları yönetimi esasen 1954 yılında kurulmuş olan Devlet Su İşleri(DSİ) ile başlamıştır. Ülkede mevcut olan tüm su kaynaklarının planlanması, geliştirilmesi ve denetlenmesinde birinci derecede sorumlu olan bu organ hala varlığını sürdürmektedir. DSİ, ABD’de 1933’de geliştirilen bir hidrolik paradigma(suyun sadece hidrolik boyutuyla değerlendirilmesi) modeli olan Tenesse Valley Authority(TVA) modelini benimsemiş ve Türkiye şartlarında uygulamaya çalışmıştır. Ancak göz ardı edilen nokta şurası olmuştur ki, her toplumun kendi kültürü ve sosyo-ekonomik yapısı farklıdır. Amerika Birleşik Devletlerinde başarılı olan bir proje her yerde başarılı olur mantığı ile çıkılan bu yolda bir çok yanlış yapılmış ve jeolojik yapılarla, halk desteği göz ardı edilmiştir.  Dönem Orman ve Su İşleri Bakanı vermiş olduğu bir demeçte, Barajlar kralı olarak atfedilen Süleyman Demirel döneminde yapılan barajların dört karını biz 4.5 sene de yaptık. Biz unvan peşinde değiliz ancak halk kendisi karar versin, kral o mu, biz mi? Gibi yaklaşımlarla ulusal güvenlik konusu haline gelmiş olan su politikaları konusunda bile siyasi bir emel beslemektedirler. Yapılan bir çok HES ve barajlarda halk desteği alınmadan hatta halkın bilgisi dışında hareket ederek planlanmıştır. Hatta bu duruma karşı çıkanlara terörist damgası yakıştırılmıştır.

Türkiye’deki sosyal su sorunu sadece DSİ gibi merkezi devlet kurum ve kuruluşlarının söylemleri ile açıklanamayacak kadar karmaşık bir meseledir. Su sorununun önemli bir bölümü de, merkeziyetçilik ve yerelleşme ekseni etrafında devam eden tartışmalarda tanımlanmaktadır. 1980’lere kadar yerel idari yapılar, hem yönetsel hem de mali bakımdan merkeze bağlı oldukları için yerelden çok merkezi anlayışın yerel ölçekteki temsilcileri olarak davranmışlardır. Bu merkeziyetçiliğin daha da kemikleşip güçlenmesi sonucunu doğurmuştur. 1980’lerden itibaren belediyeler ‘sosyal belediyecilik’ adı altında bir dizi yapısal değişiklikler yapmıştır. Böylece merkezin ‘mutlak hakimiyeti’ yavaş yavaş zayıflamaya başlamıştır. Yerel yönetimler konusu, Türkiye’nin gündemine 1985 yılı Yerel Yönetimler Evrensel Bildirgesi ile girmiştir.

TÜRKİYE’DE SU ALGISI: GÜVENLİK İÇİN SU YA DA EKONOMİ İÇİN SU

Tüm bu gelişmeler kapsamında akla gelen bir diğer konu ise suyun kullanım alanı. Bu konu da değişik görüşler mevcuttur. Mevcut su kullanımının amacı yenilenebilir kaynak yaratmak için suyun kullanımı mı? Yoksa ekonomik gereksinimleri karşılamak için suyun kullanımı mı? Ele alınan bu başlık aslında çok çetrefilli bir başlık olmakla birlikte devlet bekası için son derece önemli bir konu haline gelmiştir. Buraya kadar bahsi geçen her olay da suyun kullanım alanları hem güvenlik hem de ekonomik boyutları iç içe geçirilmiştir. Aslında bir birinden son derece farklı konular olmakla birlikte hep aynı düzlemde görülmektedir. Şöyle ki, bugüne kadar GAP projesinin sürekli faydalarında söz edildi. Ama şu noktası göz ardı edildi ki, mevcut tarım alanlarının sulanmasıyla birlikte yeraltına geçen su büyük oranda tuzlanmış vaziyette indi suyun altına ve böylece mevcut yer altı suları da tuzlanmış bir hal aldı. Yer altı sularının kullanım şartları böylece değişti. Diğer bir açıdan bakıldığında ise GAP’la birlikte ekonomik faaliyetler bölge halkına artı iş istihdamı ve bölgesel ve toplu göçleri engeller bir pozisyon aldı. İşte tüm bu yapılar göz önüne alındığında suyun kullanım alanı farklılıklar arz etmektedir.

Suyun kullanımı son derece karmaşık bir yapı oluşturduğu için kullanım alanı ne olursa olsun milli güvenlik ve ekonomik faaliyetleri aksatmayacak şekilde birlikte yürütülmelidir. Önümüzde Aral gölü örneği varken bu durumun farkına varılmalıdır.

SONUÇ

Günümüzde suyun önemi artık high-politics* seviyesine çıktığı aşikardır. Suyun yenilenebilir bir kaynak olarak sunulamaması ve ulusal seviyeden daha çok uluslararası literatürde çalışma alanı bulması ve benzeri nedenlerden dolayı suyun önemi giderek artmakta ve artmaya da devam edecek gibi gözükmektedir. Suyun dış politika hedeflerinin saptanmasında en önemili belirleyicilerden biri olmasının ve güvenlik sorunları kapsamında değerlendirilmesinin başlıca nedeni ülkelerin doğal kaynaklarını mümkün olan en üst seviyede kontrol altında tutabilme kaygısı ve bu kadar önemli bir doğal kaynak konusunda başka bir ülkeye bağımlı olmama veya bağımlılığını en az düzeyde tutabilme isteğidir.[12]

Dünyamızda son derece kıt olan su kaynakları özellikle Orta Doğu gibi kurak bölgelerde çeşitli gerilim ve anlaşmazlıkların çıkmasına yol açmaktadır. Türkiye de bir bölge ülkesi olarak tatlı su kaynaklarından çıkan su sorunlarından nasibini almaktadır. Çünkü Orta Doğu bölgesinde toplamda 5 sınıraşan su bulunmakta ve bunların 3’ü ile Türkiye doğrudan temas halindedir. Doksanlı yıllara kadar çıkan su bunalımları daha çok dış faktörlerin etkisi altındayken soğuk savaşın bitimi ile beraber, bu sorunlar daha çok bölgesel güvenlik algıları dahilinde analiz edilmeye çalışıldı. Türkiye’nin ulusal güvenlik algılamalarında sınıraşan sular sorunu özellikle iki açıdan çok önemlidir.

·         GAP’a Suriye ve Irak’ ın tepkisi

·         Suriye’nin PKK’ ya verdiği destek                                                                         

Suriye ve Irak’ın GAP’a gösterdikleri tepkilere bakıldığında, bu ülkelerin GAP’ı saldırgan ve duyarsız bir proje olarak nitelendirdikleri görülmektedir. GAP’ın tamamlanmasıyla birlikte Türkiye’nin modern tarım yapmak amacıyla Dicle ve Fırat sularını Güney Doğu Anadolu bölgesine aktaracağını, dolayısıyla bu ülkelere verdiği sözlerin ve yapılan angajmanların askıya alınacağını düşünmektedirler. Bu yüzden GAP, bu ülkeler nezdinde potansiyel bir tehdit algılamalarına yol açmıştır. Türkiye ise verilen sözler ve yapılan angajmanlar konusunda, suyun paylaşımının değil, tahsisinin söz konusu olduğunu belirtmiştir. Çünkü, Dicle ve Fırat nehirlerinin Türkiye’de akan kısmının Türkiye’nin mutlak hükümranlığında olduğunu, dolayısı ile hiçbir ülkenin Türkiye sularını ne yapması gerektiğini söyleyemeyeceğini en yetkin ağızlardan defalarca dile getirmiş ve böylece sınıraşan suların kendisi için bir hükümranlık dolayısı ile güvenlik sorunu olduğunu dile getirmiştir. Ancak, su kaynaklarına sahip olmanın verdiği güçle bölgede etkin bir rol arayışı içinde olan Türkiye, sınıraşan sular üzerindeki hükümranlık haklarını pazarlık konusu etmeden, Orta  Doğu barış sürecine katkıda bulunmak amacıyla Manavgat, Seyhan ve Ceyhan nehirlerinden bölge ülkelerine su pazarlayabileceğini belirtmiştir. Burada dikkat edilmesi gereken konu, Türkiye Dicle ve Fırat üzerindeki haklarını pazarlık konusu yapmadan, diğer nehirler üzerinden ekonomik kazanım elde etmek yoluyla, Dicle ve Fırat nehirlerini kendisine saklamaktadır.

Sonuç olarak Türkiye su politikalarını yürütürken sağduyulu bir politika izlemekle beraber, spill-over effect kavramını gözden kaçırmaktadır. Bir ara gündeme gelen komşularla sıfır sorun politikasına yüz çevirerek, tüm komşu ülkelerimizle sorunlu hale gelmiş olup, su politikalarımızı zora sokmuş vaziyetteyiz. Bu politikalardan vazgeçerek tekrar barışçı bir döneme girilmediği takdir de, Türkiye’yi daha çok bölgesel su temelli politik sıkıntılar beklemektedir.

Günümüzde su meseleleri, bölgesel çatışmalar açısından daha sık dile getirilmekteyken bölgesel bir su stratejisi geliştirme gereği, ülkeleri bölgesel bir barışa doğru itebilir. Bu yüzden, bölge ülkeleri su meselelerini halletmek için bölgesel bir politika yürütmek zorundadırlar. Bu zorunluluk aslında 1990’ların başında oluşma safhasını tamamlamış olup giderek önem kazanmaktadır. Ayrıca su kaynaklarınına kıyıdaş ülkelerin mutlak işbirliğine giderek gereksinimlerini ve kaynaklarını belirlemeleri ve buna göre düzenleme yoluna gitmeleri gerekmektedir. Bu yüzden gerek Türkiye’nin gerekse Irak ve Suriye’nin suyu en verimli şekilde kullanma yöntemlerini belirlemek için alt yapı çalışmaları geliştirmeleri elzemdir. Sorun bölgesel bir çatışmadan kaçınma amacı olarak saptanmalıdır. Ve bunu iki temele oturtmaları gerekmektedir: bir yandan su arzının artırılması diğer yandan da su talebini sınırlamaya çalışmak. Su arzını arttırmaya yönelik yöntemlerden en ekonomik olanı başka ülkelerden su ithal etmektir. Türkiye tarafından önerilen Barış Suyu ve Manavgat Çayı projesi, hem ekonomik hem de stratejik açıdan çok önemli projelerdir. Fakat Barış suyu projesi ülkelerin birbirlerine olan güvensizliklerinin ve Türkiye’nin kritik su kaynaklarının kullanım ortaklığını istememesi sonucu rafa kaldırılmıştır. Bu boru hatlarının yalnızca Türkiye’nin değil, üzerinden geçtiği her ülkenin denetiminde olacağından dolayı sabotaja açık bir hal alacaktır. Eğer ki; ileride bu su projeleri tekrar gündeme gelecek olursa ki gelmelidir, memba ülkesi olarak Türkiye’nin ağırlığını hissettirmesi gerekmektedir.

Türkiye hızla gelişen bir ülkedir. Nüfus, tarım ve sanayideki gelişmeler arttıkça, su ihtiyacı da artacaktır. Bu sebeplerle su ihtiyacı hesaplamaları bugüne göre değil, 50-60 yıl sonrasına göre yapılmalıdır. Su savaşları gibi olasılıkları da bir an önce gidermelidir. Bu gibi önlemler sadece ve öncelikle Türkiye tarafından alınmalı ve her türlü senaryoya hazırlıklı olunmalıdır.

                                                  KAYNAKÇA

DURMAZUÇAR V., Ortadoğu’da Suyun Artan Stratejik Değeri, IQ Kültür Sanat Yayıncılık,İstanbul, 2002

AVCI, İ. Ve B. YANIK, Sınıraşan ve sınır Oluşturan Su Kaynaklarımız, Su kongresi ve Sergisi, İstanbul, 1997

ADAMS, M.,Water Security Policy: The Case of Turkey, Near East South Asia Center for Stratejik Studies(NESA), Washington DC: National Defence University, 2002

AVCI İlhan, Ortadoğu ve Su Sorunu, Cumhuriyet,14.01.1996

BAĞIŞ Ali İhsan, Turkey’s Hydropolities of the Euphrates- Tigris Basin, İnternational Journal of Water Resorces Development, 1997

CINAR T., NEOLİBERAL  SU POLİTİKALARI DOĞRULTUSUNDA, İller Bankası, 2007

www.mfa.gov.tr

http://350.org/

http://www.orsam.org.tr/tr/SuKaynaklari/uzmangorusugoster.aspx?ID=281

http://www.orsam.org.tr/tr/orsamkonukgoster.aspx?ID=280

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[1] T. CINAR, NEOLİBERAL  SU POLİTİKALARI DOĞRULTUSUNDA, S.1

[2] Muhammad Mizanur Rahaman ve Olli Varis, “Integrated Water Resources Management: Evolution,

Prospects and Future Challenges”, Sustainability: Science, Practice, & Policy, Cilt 1, No. 1, 12 Nisan 2005,  ss. 15-21.

[3] Alman Teknik İşbirliği (GTZ) Kurumunun resmi yayın organı Development and Cooperation isimli dergide

yayınlanan kapsamlı bir mülakatta Uganda ve Afrika kıtasındaki sorunlara değinilmektedir. Adı geçen

dergide; Uganda Su ve Kanalizasyon İdaresinin, Afrika kıtasındaki diğer ülkelere örnek olacak çalışmalar

yürüttüğünün altı çizilmektedir.“Piped Water is a Convenience”, Development and Cooperation, Cilt 35,

No.1, Ocak 2008, http://www.inwent.org/ez/articles/063441/index.en.shtml, ss. 23-28.

[4] www.mfa.gov.tr

[5]www.mfa.gov.tr

[6] * olmazsa olmaz

[7] AB Komisyonu, Etki Değerlendirme Çalışması, 2004, s.9

[8]http://www.orsam.org.tr/tr/SuKaynaklari/uzmangorusugoster.aspx?ID=281

[9]http://www.orsam.org.tr/tr/SuKaynaklari/uzmangorusugoster.aspx?ID=281

[10] TÜSİAD 2008a

[11]http://haberturk68.blogcu.com/sinir-asan-sular-konusuldu/10030445

[12]Kaynak Acar, Stratejik açıdan su sorunu, strateji, no95/3 s. 136-7